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HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. Circulatory Systems. Open system vs. closed system Both have a pump Open system has no blood vessels to hold blood Closed system has blood contained within vessels. Circulatory systems. The simplest of organisms do not have a circulatory system

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HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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  1. HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  2. Circulatory Systems • Open system vs. closed system • Both have a pump • Open system has no blood vessels to hold blood • Closed system has blood contained within vessels

  3. Circulatory systems • The simplest of organisms do not have a circulatory system • Rely on diffusion/osmosis for regulation

  4. Circulatory systems • Other simple organisms rely on the flow of water to exchange nutrients and wastes

  5. Open vs. Closed Circulatory systems

  6. Closed circulatory systems • Vary in complexity

  7. Human Heart

  8. Cardiac muscle

  9. Structure of the heart wall

  10. Structure of the heart wall

  11. HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  12. Artery and Veinstructural comparison

  13. Artery • Walls are thick • Muscular • Elastic, so they can stretch when heart contracts • Must withstand higher pressure than veins

  14. Atherosclerosis

  15. Vein • Thin-walled (less muscle, less elastic tissue) • Contain VALVES to prevent back-flow

  16. Capillaries • Blood vessels with the smallest diameter and thinnest walls

  17. Capillary Beds • Exchange of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nutrients occurs in the capillary beds

  18. BLOOD PRESSURE • Measurement of both the pressure under which the heart contracts (systole), as well as the pressure under which the heart fills (diastole)

  19. BLOOD PRESSURE • Blood pressure is checked in your arm, using a sphygmomanometer

  20. Blood Pressure • The pressure generated by your heart can be measured in your arm because the pressure is transmitted through the muscular, elastic arteries

  21. Blood Pressure • Measured in mm Hg • Reported as two numbers: systolic pressure diastolic pressure

  22. Systolic blood pressure • Pressure transmitted when the left ventricle contracts • It is the pressure under which the blood is being forced out of the left ventricle into the aorta

  23. Diastolic blood pressure • Is the filling pressure of the heart

  24. Sounds of Korotkoff

  25. Sounds of Korotkoff • Sounds of Korotkoff (are caused by turbulence in arterial blood flow. • A well-trained examiner can hear 5 different Korotkoff sounds, which vary slightly in quality • The first and fifth Korotkoff sounds are used to define blood pressure

  26. Pulse Points

  27. Blood Pressure • Generally measured over the brachial artery

  28. Why is blood pressure important? • Blood pressure must remain in a normal range so that tissues can receive adequate blood flow in order to exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes efficiently

  29. HYPERTENSION • Elevation in blood pressure • Fairly common: about 30% • almost 1 in 3 adults! • HTN more common in • African Americans • Obese people

  30. Hypertension • High blood pressure can damage the heart and blood vessels • Increases the chances of having a stroke • Cause is multi-factorial • Can be treated with medication; sometimes with diet and exercise alone

  31. Regulation of blood pressure

  32. Conduction System of the Heart

  33. Electrocardiogram • Useful tool for studying the conduction of impulses through the heart

  34. Electrocardiogram • P wave represents depolarization of the atrium • QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventricles • T wave represents repolarization (“recharging” for the next beat

  35. Normal Electrocardiogram

  36. ECG abnormalities • After a myocardial infarction (heart attack, “MI”), the damaged areas of the heart no longer have normal conduction of impulses • Results in a change in the normal waveforms

  37. ECG abnormalities

  38. ECG abnormalities

  39. ECG abnormalities • Atrial fibrillation

  40. ECG abnormalities • Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)

  41. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD • Blood is made up of a fluid portion and a cellular portion

  42. PLASMA • Made up of water, proteins, ions, amino acids, sugars • Carries carbon dioxide (released from tissues) • Carries nutrients from the digestive system, hormones

  43. Cells in the Blood • Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells, RBC’s

  44. Erythrocytes • Contain hemoglobin • A protein • Transports Oxygen

  45. Erythrocytes • Hemoglobin structure

  46. Erythrocytes • Live about 120 days • Produced in the bone marrow • Productions is regulated by a hormone from the kidneys- • erythropoetin

  47. Blood Cells • Leukocytes = White Blood Cells • Function in the immune system • Form a second line of defense against bacteria and viruses • Larger than RBC’s

  48. Leukocytes • Granulocytes • Neutrophils • Basophils • Eosinophils • Lymphocytes • Macrophages

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