Animal Kingdom Vertebrates

1. Animal KingdomVertebrates

2. Adapt to change All species change themselves and adapt to change around them over time. Organisms develop adaptations and behavior that increase their survival. We know this because of the changes that we see in fossil records. The have different adaptations

3. Different Adaptations • For example, changes in bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics have occurred over the last 50 years. • Alligators have not changed significantly during the past 200 million years.

4. Fish – Basic Facts • Fish live in nearly every single water habitat imaginable • Fish are characterized by fins, scales, and gills • Fish were the first vertebrates to evolve. • Swim bladder controls floating • Most are egg laying

5. Groups of Fish • Jawless Fish – • Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth. • Have no bones • Only vertebrates with no vertebral column as adults • Lampreys, Hagfish • Chondrichthyes – • Skeleton built entirely of cartilage • Sharks, sea rays • Osteichthyes – • Bony Fish • Majority of fish fall in this order • Carp, sea horse, perch, etc.

6. Sea Ray - Chondrichthyes Lamprey – Jawless Fish Catfish - Osteichthyes Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes

7. Amphibians – Basic Facts • Live in both water and land • At one point in their life, they are very much like fish. • Descendants of ancestral organisms that evolved some, not all, adaptations for life on land • First appeared 360 million years ago

8. The Life Cycle of a Frog Section 30-3 Adult Frog Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years. Young Frog Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Fertilized Eggs Tadpoles Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

9. Water Land Bones Lungs Ribs Efficientmovement Breathingair Support andprotection Section 30-3 Amphibians means “Double life” as larvæ they live in adults they live on and have special adaptations such as are that allow for that allow that provide are

10. Groups of Amphibians • Salamanders – • Long bodies and tails • Adults are carnivorous • Usually live in moist woods • Frogs and Toads – • Lack tails • Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to water • Toads have shorter legs and not as closely tied to water • Caecilians – • Legless animals that burrow in moist soil • Have fishlike scales

11. Spotted Salamander Poison Dart Frog Fire Bellied Toad Caecilian

12. Reptiles – Basic Facts • All reptiles have: • Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body water in dry environments • Terrestrial eggs – first animals to develop eggs they lay on land. • Respire using lungs • Most are egg-laying, not all. • Ectotherms – cannot internally regulate body temperature; cannot live in cold climates • Behavior controls body temp. (swimming, burrowing, basking, etc.)

13. Groups of Reptiles • Lizards and Snakes • Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears, moveable eyelids • Highly evolved specialized forms (venom) • Crocodiles and Alligators • Long, typically broad snout and squat appearance • All are carnivorous • Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their mouth • Live in tropics and subtropics • Alligators live in freshwater • Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater

14. Groups of Reptiles (con.) • Turtles and Tortoises – • All are shelled • Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial • Tuatara – • Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands

15. Coral Snake Sea Turtle Galapagos Tortoise Tuatara

16. Nile Crocodile North American Alligator

17. Birds – Basic Facts • Nearly 10,000 modern bird species • Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on legs) • Have outer covering made of feathers, two legs used for walking or perching, and forelimbs modified into wings • Feathers separate birds from all other animal species • Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can generate on body heat

18. Wings Feathers Strong chestmuscles Efficientrespiratorysystem Efficientcirculatorysystem Homologous tofront limbs in othervertebrates Providewarmth Upward anddownward wingstrokes One-way flowof O2-rich air O2 distributionto body tissues Section 31-2 Birds have the followingadaptations to flight which are that also that power that provide that ensure

19. Groups of Birds • More than thirty orders of birds • Some of the most common • Perching Birds – largest order; many are songbirds (sparrows, crows, cardinals, etc.) • Birds of Prey – fierce predators with hooked bills; large talons (condors, hawks, owls, eagles, etc.) • Herons & Relatives – Wade in aquatic habitats (storks, herons, cranes) • Ostriches & Relatives – flightless birds move by running or swimming (ostriches, emus, etc.)

20. Purple Finch Stork Red-Tailed Hawk Emu

21. Mammals – Basic Facts • First true mammals appeared 220 million years ago • Mammals flourished after dinosaurs became extinct – 65 million years ago • Basic characteristics • Hair • Mammary glands – produce milk to nourish young • Breathe air • Four chambered heart • Endotherms – can generate own body heat • Internal fertilization; care for young

23. Elephants • Elephant's bodies are well adapted for survival in the rugged conditions of Africa. These special adaptations include:

24. Elephants • The TrunkThe elephant's trunk does so much more than smell. This "hose nose" is also used for drinking (actually blowing water into the mouth), communication, feeding, chemo-communication, offense/defense, touching, lifting, throwing dust, and just about any other activity an elephant is involved in.

25. Elephants

26. Elephants • EarsIn the hot African climate, keeping cool is a constant challenge. • An elephant's enormous ears (weighing up to 110 pounds each) • good at picking up sound, • Used as an air conditioner. The elephants flap their ears. This cools blood flowing through vessels in the ears, which then flows back to the body, cooling it in turn.

28. Giraffe • Giraffes have many obvious physical adaptations to help them survive in the African savannas.

29. Giraffe • Camouflaged coat - Patches of different sizes and colors help hide the giraffe in the African savanna. • Fringed tail - A fringe at the end of the tail keeps flies and other pests away.

30. Giraffe • Long neck - It is used to reach leaves in tall acacia trees. • Long front legs - Unlike many animals, the giraffe's front legs are longer than the hind legs. These long front legs make it easier to reach tall leaves.

32. Echidna • An Echidna is a mammal and is also known as the Spiny Anteater. An Echidna's body is covered with long sharp spines set in short fur. These spines are the Echidnas defense mechanism. When attacked, it rolls itself in a tight ball and burrows out of reach.

33. Echidna • Echidnas have no teeth, but uses a long sticky tongue to penetrate ant and termite nests, which they have gauged open with their strong ripping claws.

34. Echidna • Shelter is where ever the echidna finds it and this could be in logs, under bushes or in caves. They are 35 - 45 cms long and can weigh 2-7 kg. The Echidna has a spur on its ankle but it is not poisonous.

36. Gecko • At 28 cm long, The Round Island Day Gecko is the largest of 27 species of day geckos. The smallest day gecko is only about 8 cm long. Most day geckos are bright green in color. • The Round Island Day Gecko is probably the dullest looking one of all. It lives on palm trees and is perfectly camouflaged against the brown bark of the main stem of the tree.

37. Gecko • Geckos have special feet to help them climb up smooth surfaces. The flattened toes have elongated scales. A microscopic view would show thousands of tiny, hooked bristles that can hold on to any surface. This means they can easily climb up palm trees, as well as hide on the underside of leaves.

38. Gecko • They also have sharp teeth to penetrate the exo-skeleton of an insect. If attacked, Round Island Day Geckos have a unique way of defending themselves.

39. Gecko • The tail just drops off and lies moving around on the ground. Hopefully the enemy will pay attention to the tail while the gecko escapes. The stump quickly heals, and they will eventually grow a new tail.

41. Kangaroo • These animals are mostly found in the dry inland Australia, including desert, grassland, mallee, and mulga country. It is able to go with out drinking as long as green grass is available and it adapts well to drought.

42. Kangaroo • Despite its name, the Red Kangaroo is sometimes a blue-grey color, particularly the female. Even though these animals look cuddly, they are to be approached with caution. They have evolved with a  large claw attached to its hind leg.

43. Kangaroo • Red Kangaroos can hop as fast as 40 mph (64 km).  They use this as their first line of defense.  Kangaroos have a tendon in the leg which acts like a rubber band, conserving energy as the animal moves lands.  Red Kangaroos actually expand less energy in locomotion as they move faster, up to very fast speeds.

45. Shark • A shark is a fish. It breathes through its gills, has a backbone and lives in water. However, unlike all other fish, its skeleton is made from cartilage, not bone and they do not have scales but denticles. Also, they have five to seven gill slits rather than one each side as in bony fish.

46. Shark • Sharks can detect one part of blood per ten billion parts of water – that means they could detect one drop of blood in an area the size of an Olympic swimming pool! The nose of a shark is only used for smell, unlike in humans where we also use our noses for breathing.

48. African Wild Dog • Location: South Africa and east of Sahara

49. African Wild Dog • Wild dogs have a canine body shape like a wolf's, but they have larger, bat like ears and white tipped tails.  They have splotches of black, yellow, white, and dark brown, with no two dogs marked exactly the same.

50. African Wild Dog • Wild dogs have a highly developed social structure.  They live in packs that vary from 10 to 15 animals, including males, females, and young.  Their packs are nomadic, and they roam across a range of 1 to 30 miles a day.  Members of the pack cooperate when hunting and raising their young.