The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Day 33-36 McKay 725-750, Palmer 11.52 Welcome to Lower Moreland

2. Industrial Revolution Treaty of Paris end 7 Years’ War Industrial Revolution Begins List’s National System of Political Economy -Mines Act (1842) Hargreave’s invents Spinning Jenny (1765) Great Exhibition in Crystal Palace Luddites Revolt 1763 1769 1775 1780 1798 1812 1830 1841 1851 Domestic System Population explosion begins in GB James Watt invents Steam Engine Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population Industrial Rev. begins on Continent (1815) Second Industrial Revolution Factory Act (1833) American Revolution Begins

3. Big Ideas • Industrial Revolution defined • transition from hand produced, animal powered manufacturing to machine produced, coal powered manufacturing • Where? • England 1st • Continental Europe after 1815 • Characteristics & Effects • Urbanization • Rapid Growth in cities • horrible housing, working, living conditions until after 1850 • Manchester = “Cottonopolis” • Transportation via RR • Social Revolution • Bourgeoisie v Proletariat • Growth of Isms • Romanticism, Nationalism, Socialsim, Liberlism, Conservatism, Communism

4. What do you need to have an Industrial Revolution? • Stable food base • Workers • Wealthy, entrepreneurial class • Stable/ business-friendly government • Right geography/ resources • Technological breakthroughs • OR • Autocratic Totalitarian Dictatorship

5. Why did it begin in Great Britain? • Geography • No part of GB further than 20 miles from H2O • Canal network enhanced water transportation (after 1770s) • Natural Resources • Iron & coal deposits • Stable/ Business Friendly government • Laissez Faire • Allowed for innovation, person initiative • Strong Central Bank and Credit • No internal tariffs • Wealthy, innovative commercial class • Agriculture Revolution • Low prices for food • More disposable income • Large mobile labor force

6. The Agricultural Revolution in Britain • Landowners were in control of Parliament (House of Commons) • Wanted to be free to use land as they saw fit • Ie. Get rid of peasants living on their land • Experiment with more efficient farming methods • Clear forest and “common areas” • Drain swamps • To do this they needed to pass laws ending the open field system • Open Field System • Medieval system of communal village farming in which farm land was divided into strips of land between villagers depending upon family size

7. The Agricultural Revolution in Britain • Enclosure Acts (18th and 19th Centuries) • Series of laws pushed through Parliament which ended the open field system • Land owners permitted to fence in (enclose) land and evict unneeded villagers • Between 1760 and 1780, some 900 Enclosure acts were passed • Lead to much more efficient, more productive farming • Jethrow Tull • Advocated drilling seed • Better husbandry of horses • food supply increased with smaller % of the population needed • yielded more meat, cereals • By 1870 English farmer produced 300% more than 1700 • Freed labor and created a more mobile class of workers

8. The Agricultural Revolution in Britain • Enclosure Acts (18th and 19th Centuries) • Series of laws pushed through Parliament during late 1700s & 1800s which ended Open Field system • Landowners evicted tenant farmers • Joining the strips of the open fields to make larger compact units of land and fenced or “enclosed” land into one unified farm • Landowners often experimented with new, more efficient ways of farming • JethrowTull • Advocated drilling seed • Better husbandry of horses • By 1870 English farmer produced 300% more than 1700 • Displaced tenant farmers flocked to cities seeking work

9. Inventions • England had new colonial markets, control of seas • Profit, Profit, Profit fueled the search for more rapid methods of production • Remember they’re Calvinists • Ie. Woolen had been a staple export • but more production possibilities were limited (under the Domestic System) • Cotton Textiles more comfortable but costly before late 1700s • Wealthy land owners (from enclosure) could afford to divert some profits to experimenting with industry • Only a country already wealthy from commerce and agriculture could have been the first to initiate the machine age • But to make the leap from the domestic system to the factory system requires a technological leap

10. Inventions in textiles • Flying Shuttle • John Kay in 1733 made machine that required 1 not 2 to weave cloth on loom • created strong demand for yarn • Spinning Jenny • invented in 1760s allowed yarn production to increase • James Hagreaves (hand powered) • Richard Arkwright (water powered) to operate jennies • Could spin many threads at a time, stronger • A female dominated job • jennies overwhelmed loomers with yarn • Power Looms • Watered powered machines displaced weavers • Mill (factory) had to be located near water source • BUT now supply of raw cotton could not meet demand • UNTIL

11. Developments in Textiles • Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney was a Conn tutor • While in a Georgia plantation invented a Cotton ‘engine’ to separate seeds from cotton in 1790 • Expands cotton industry & slavery in South • 1820 makes up half of British exports (cotton textiles) • Also led to great expansion in the slave trade (in US)

12. Steam Power • Factories powered by water were at mercy of nature (droughts, floods) • Steam Engine changed that • Invented by Puritan Thomas Newcomen • Powered water pump for coal mine in 1705 • Considered inefficient & a coal guzzler • James Watt • Father of the Factory System • Perfected Newcomen’s engine • Worked on Un. Of Glasgow Newcomen engine 1763 • Newcomen’s wasted 3/4th of its energy • Came up with idea to use 2 piston chambers • Utilized John Wilkinson’s new method for boring holes for cannons • Watt’s engine used 1/4th energy • more efficient engine for factories English inventor Thomas Newcomen built the first successful steam engine in 1712. It was used to pump water out of mines. Play from 0-7:00

13. Railroads BBC - History - 'Stephenson's Rocket' Animation • Horse/canals had been used for heavy freight • Slow, expensive, limited market potential • Rails had been used in mines to reduce friction • George Stephenson 1829 • Created the “Rocket” locomotive on Liverpool and Manchester Railway (only reached 16 mph) • Significance • Reduced cost/time of shipping • Broadened markets • Encouraged larger factories • Workers who built RR usually settled in city and became factory workers Joseph MW Turner (1775-1851) 

14. Early Factory Workers • Worst working conditions in pre 1850 period (in England) • Factory owners used orphaned or abandoned children • Parish officers “apprenticed” them out • 5-6 years of age • Provided food, shelter, “schooling” • 14 hour days with no pay • Brutal discipline • Very dangerous conditions • 5 AM to 7 PM • Treated worse than West Indian slaves (by some accounts) A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub up a mine shaft

15. Early Factory Work Continued • Easily replaceable • Brutal life in factory illustrated by A Memoir of Robert Blincoe • Worked as an "indentured servant to cotton manufacturer in 1799 • Told he would be fed ”roast beef & plum pudding” ride horses, make lots of $ • Noted brutal 14 hr, 6 days per week • Severe treatment even with injury (he lost a finger) • Had teeth filed, hung by wrists over machine (had to keep his legs up or else) • No pay as owners believed they were serving the nation by providing room and board • Robert Owens Testimony (see page 746)

16. John Brown, A Memoir of Robert Blincoe (1828) A girl named Mary Richards, who was thought remarkably handsome when she left the workhouse, and, who was not quite ten years of age, attended a drawing frame, below which, and about a foot from the floor, was a horizontal shaft, by which the frames above were turned. It happened one evening, when her apron was caught by the shaft. In an instant the poor girl was drawn by an irresistible force and dashed on the floor. She uttered the most heart-rending shrieks! Blincoe ran towards her, an agonized and helpless beholder of a scene of horror. He saw her whirled round and round with the shaft - he heard the bones of her arms, legs, thighs, etc. successively snap asunder, crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the machinery whirled her round, and drew tighter and tighter her body within the works, her blood was scattered over the frame and streamed upon the floor, her head appeared dashed to pieces - at last, her mangled body was jammed in so fast, between the shafts and the floor, that the water being low and the wheels off the gear, it stopped the main shaft. When she was extricated, every bone was found broken - her head dreadfully crushed. She was carried off quite lifeless.

17. Impact of Industrialization • Urbanization • Cities grew rapidly • Grew from 10 mil in 1750 to 30 mil in 1850 (England and Ireland) • However, sudden growth led to severe social and health problems • with coal and iron in Midlands and north new cities rose • Manchester and Birmingham

18. Impact of Industrialization • New social paradigm emerged • Individuals became members of • economically determined classes (instead of socially determined) whose class had conflicting interests with other classes • Marx called this “class consciousness” • Factory owners • Bourgeoisie (in Marxist language) • Often Presbyterians, Quakers, & other dissenters(Calvinistic) excluded from life of landed gentry • By 1830 leading industrialist were well educated, highly class conscious class • Investment in factory system was in no way a sure thing • Constant battle to cut costs & stay in business • Increasingly excluded their wives and daughters from business • Women should enhance their femininity, be good wife and mother • Factory Workers • Proletariat • Displaced farmers (Enclosure Acts) • Immigrants (Irish and Italian)

19. Reactions to Industrialism • Luddites • Name for a secret reactionary group of weavers whose jobs were displaced by Wm Cartwright’s power loom • Attempted to destroy machines in hope of halting mechanization • Named for legendary figure Ned Ludd who had destroyed stocking-knitting machine • 150 killed by gov. troops 4/11/1812 at Cartwright’s mill • Frame Breaking Act of 1812 made industrial sabotage a capital crime

20. Manchester • Poster city for the ills of industrialization (and triumphs) • Population • 1772= 25,000 by 1851= 455,000 • No legal status (had no legal method of incorporating cities until 1835) • IE. No representation in Parliament • Yet “rotten boroughs” did • This created problems providing public services to rapidly growing urbanization • Dirty, dark, sooty, drab, cloudy climate • Tenements, entire families in 1 room, swarming with ragged children (who had nicknames only) Manchester, England ("Cottonopolis"), pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factory chimneys

21. Manchester (1650)

22. View from Kersal Moor towards Manchester by Thomas Pether, circa 1820. The town was primarily a rural landscape just before the onset of the Industrial Revolution

23. Manchester (1801)

24. Manchester from Kersal Moor, by William Wyld in 1857, a town now dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution

25. Experiences of the workers • Were the conditions of the workers worse? • Yes (during Early Industrial Rev) • Purchasing power remained same until 1820 • Food prices rose faster than wages • By 1850 there was significant economic improvement for workers • BUT • Workers worked more hours • 250 days per year (1760) • 300 days per year (1830) • Averaged 11 hr. work day • Diets improved • Potatoes, fruits, dairy products more available • Clothing improved • underwear, cotton • BUT Housing deteriorated A Punch cartoon of 1844 entitled Capital and Labour contrasts the luxurious life of a mineowner with the harsh working conditions in the pits. Although the Industrial Revolution brought Britain as a whole greater material prosperity, it also caused massive social upheavals

26. Changing working conditions/Family structure • Putting Out system (17th century-early 1800s) • Completed in spurts • “Saint Mondays” was informal day off • End of week family pulled “all-nighter” to meet Saturday deadline • Involved entire family unit • Males were weavers • Females spinners • Children cleaned wool/cotton • Allowed nursing mothers flexibility • Monotony of factory system unattractive • Could only get poor and orphaned children • 1802 law forbade the use of pauper children

27. Changing working conditions/Family structure • Factory System (1790-1832) • Family economic unit was retained in the mills • Mill owners bargained with head of family & paid him for work of entire family • Mines • Men hewed coal, women hauled it, children sorted it • Allowed parents to continue to raise children • Testimony of Robert Owen and other reformers led to changes • Factory Act of 1833 • Limited workday for 9-13 year olds to 8 hours • 14-18 to twelve hours • Elementary school required for children under 9 (paid for by factory owner) • Led to rapid decline in employment of children • Broke up the family economic unit

28. Sexual Division of Labor • Pre-industrial Europe had defined divisions of labor by sex • After 1833 a new pattern of “separate spheres” emerged • Men became primarybreadwinner • Women expected to concentrate on child care, craftwork at home • Women who did work • Usually stopped after 1st child • Were from poorest families or widowed • Usually confined to low-paying jobs • Why did this happen?

29. Reasons for Separate Spheres • Relentless clock managed factory system did not mesh well with nursing, child care • Domestic work (cooking, cleaning, shopping) in urban poverty was time consuming • Victorian morality • Factory and mine prevented constant supervision of the morals of boys and girls • Mines Act of 1842 • Prohibited underground work for all women and boys under 10 (see McKay 752) How you doin?

30. The Chartist Movement • Chartist Movement • Early labor movement in England • Six Points (Chartist Goals) • Main goals • universal male suffrage • secret vote • No property qualification for elected members of Parliament • Payment of Members of Parliament • Led a petition signing drive • Petition with nearly 2 million signatures presented to House of Commons 1839 • Ignored by Parliament • Movement faded away after 1848

31. Great Exhibition • Great Exhibition of 1851 • First “world’s fair” which featured latest breakthroughs in machinery/industry/ inventions • Held in Crystal Palace • Constructed of glass/iron • Cast plate glass technique invented in 1848 allowed for strong, cheap glass • Astonished visitors • Visited by 6 million • Showcased Great Britain as the “workshop of the world” • 20% of entire world manufactured goods