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Cognition Domain

Cognition Domain. Memory. Information Processing. Module 22. Module Overview. Encoding Storage Retrieval. Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. Encoding. Module 22: Information Processing. Information Processing Model.

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Cognition Domain

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  1. Cognition Domain

  2. Memory

  3. Information Processing Module 22

  4. Module Overview • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

  5. Encoding Module 22: Information Processing

  6. Information Processing Model • Encoding – process of getting information into the memory system. • Storage – The retention encoded information over time. • Retrieval – The process of getting information out of memory storage.

  7. Information Processing Model

  8. Encoding:Automatic Processing and Effortful Processing Module 22: Information Processing

  9. Automatic Processing • The unconscious and effortless process of encoding certain information • such as space, time and frequency.

  10. Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • The best processing is through rehearsal or practice.

  11. Automatic/Effortful Processing

  12. Rehearsal • The conscious repetition of information. • The more time spent on rehearsal, the more information one tends to remember.

  13. Rehearsal and Retention

  14. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) • German philosopher who did pioneering memory studies. • Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”

  15. Overlearning • Continuing to rehearse even after it has been memorized • Rehearsing past the point of mastery • Helps ensure information will be available even under stress

  16. Encoding:Serial Position Effect Module 22: Information Processing

  17. Serial Position Effect • The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily. • Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the beginning of a list • Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the end of a list

  18. Primacy/Recency Effect

  19. Encoding:Spacing of Rehearsal Module 22: Information Processing

  20. Spacing Effect • The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice

  21. Distributed Practice • Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by period of time • Usually enhances the recalling of the information

  22. Massed Practice • Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming) • Not as effective as distributed practice

  23. Encoding:Encoding Meaning Module 22: Information Processing

  24. Semantic Encoding • Encoding of meaning. • Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall

  25. Semantic Encoding

  26. Acoustic Encoding • Encoding information based on the sounds of the information

  27. Acoustic Encoding

  28. Visual Encoding • Encoding information based on the images of the information

  29. Visual Encoding

  30. Self-Reference Effect • Enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant • Making information meaningful to a person by making it relevant to one’s life

  31. Encoding:Encoding Imagery Module 22: Information Processing

  32. Encoding Imagery • Visual images easily encode • Especially extremely positive or negative images

  33. Encoding:Mnemonic Devices Module 22: Information Processing

  34. Mnemonic Device • A memory trick or technique. • “Every good boy does fine” to remember the notes on the lines of the scale • “People say you could have odd lots of good years” as a way to remember how to spell “psychology”

  35. Method of Loci • Mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with imaginary places

  36. Peg-Word System • Mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of words already you have already memorized • Goal is to visualize the items to remember with the items on the pegs

  37. Peg Word System

  38. Encoding:Organizing Information Module 22: Information Processing

  39. Chunking • Organizing information into meaningful units. • More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks.

  40. Chunking Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.

  41. Chunking Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.

  42. Chunking

  43. Storage Module 22: Information Processing

  44. Three Storage Systems • Three distinct storage systems : • Sensory Memory • Short-Term Memory (includes Working Memory) • Long-Term Memory

  45. Storage:Sensory Memory Module 22: Information Processing

  46. Sensory Memory • Brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system. • Iconic store – visual information • Echoic store – sound information • Information held just long enough to make a decision on its importance

  47. Storage:Short-Term/Working Memory Module 22: Information Processing

  48. Short-Term Memory • The part of your memory system that contains information you are conscious aware of before it is stored more permanently or forgotten. • Holds approximately seven, plus or minus two, chunks of information • Can retain the information as long as it is rehearsed • Also called “working memory”

  49. Short-Term Memory

  50. Storage:Long-Term Memory Module 22: Information Processing

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