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Late Middle Ages

Late Middle Ages. Crusades. Constantinople asked for help against the Muslims. Crusades. Pope Urban II issued a holy war or Crusade to take the Holy Land from the Muslims Men came for many reasons Kings sent away quarrelsome knights 2 nd sons who could not inherit went

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Late Middle Ages

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  1. Late Middle Ages

  2. Crusades • Constantinople asked for help against the Muslims

  3. Crusades • Pope Urban II issued a holy war or Crusade to take the Holy Land from the Muslims • Men came for many reasons • Kings sent away quarrelsome knights • 2nd sons who could not inherit went • Anyone who died on the Crusade automatically went to Heaven

  4. Crusades • The first Crusades was the bloodiest of all Crusades trying to take the Holy Land. • The most famous was the 3rd Crusade where the Christians were led by Richard the Lion-Hearted, king of England and the Muslims were led by Saladin who retook Jerusalem

  5. Crusades • Eventually the Crusaders would sack the Christian city of Constantinople • They would take the forgotten Roman knowledge from Constantinople and bring it back to the West

  6. Crusades • Effects of the Crusades • Kings become stronger • Trade grows between Western Europe and Muslims and Asia • Growth of Italian City-states on the Mediterranean • Improvement of technology

  7. Crusades • The Reconquista was driving Muslims out of Spain by the Christians under Ferdinand and Isabella • To consolidate their power, they started the Inquisition which was to kill or arrest anyone who went against Church teachings

  8. Social • New inventions helped peasants: • Harness that allows horses to do work • Three-field System allowed farmers to plant on 2/3 of their fields which increased food production

  9. Social • Most trade for peasants took place in a fair on certain days • Guilds, an association of people who worked at the same occupation, controlled trade • They control prices and wages, enforced a standard for quality for a fair price, and trained new members

  10. Social • To become a Guild member is the same as becoming a knight • At 9 or 10 a child was apprenticed to a master to learn a trade • After 10 years an apprentice would become a journeyman and could work for wages under masters • After a journeyman made an item that was considered a master’s piece, he would be elevated to master and welcomed into a guild • Masters were given their own place and area

  11. Social • Money became more available during this time, but borrowing or loaning money (usury) was a sin • Jews became the world’s bankers during this time

  12. Social • With trade expanding, many serfs ran away from the manor and lived in towns • Towns: • Developed haphazardly • Streets narrow and declined towards the center • Streets were filled with waste • No bathing because no clean water • Thatched roofs and wooden houses = fire hazard

  13. Social • 2 great writers during this time: • Dante who wrote Divine Comedy • Geoffrey Chaucer who wrote Canterbury Tales • Both wrote in the vernacular or everyday language

  14. Nation-States • In 1066, William the Conqueror from Normandy led his Normans to victory at the Battle of Hastings against Harold. • The Normans took control and united England starting its rise as a Nation-State

  15. Nation-States • William’s heir Henry II took lands in France by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine • This led to fighting between England and France over land

  16. Nation-States • Henry II’s son, King John, was so weak that he had to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 • Magna Carta limited the government and stopped taxation without representation

  17. Nation-States • King Edward I started England’s legislative body called Parliament to raise taxes

  18. Nation-States • Hugh Capet took over Paris and started the Capetian Dynasty that made France a nation-state

  19. Nation-States • Serfs were leaving manors for towns which hurt the feudal system, but the Bubonic Plague destroyed medieval society. • In 1347, the plague came to Italy and started to spread • In 4 years, it spread through Europe killing 25 million people

  20. Nation-States • England’s King Edward III declared himself the new French king after the other king died. • France said no= Hundred Years War(1347- 1453) • France versus England

  21. Nation-States • In the Battle of Crecy, the English Longbow took down the mounted knight

  22. Nation-States • France was losing until Joan of Arc • Joan led the French to victory at Orleans which gave France hope • Joan was later captured and burned at the stake

  23. Nation-States • France won the Hundred Years War and pushed the English out of France • The Hundred Years War led to a feeling of pride for one’s country instead pride for their lords.

  24. Conclusion Scholars say that the Hundred Years’ War ultimately contributed to the end of medieval Europe but I say it is a combination of the following: 1. Hundred Years’ War, 2. Crusades, 3. Bubonic plague, 4. Corruption of the Church, and last but not least, 5. Nationalism.

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