List two things you learned about cells from Friday.

1. Warm Up 9-16-2013 List two things you learned about cells from Friday.

2. Cell Structure and Function Notes Discovery of the Cell: • Mid 1600’s scientists began using microscopes to observe living things • Robert Hooke used microscope to observe thin slice of cork—dead plant material • Cork seemed to be made of box-like chambers—Hooke called cells • Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered • living cells in pond water

3. Cell Theory: • All living things composed of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things • New cells are produced from existing cells

4. Cell and its Environment: • Organisms made of one cell—unicellular organisms Ex: bacteria • Organisms made of many cells—multicellular organisms Ex: plants, animals

5. Each cell must be in “balance” with its environment, exchange food, waste, H2O, CO2, O2 etc. • Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment—homeostasis

6. Cell: • Organisms that do not have a distinct nucleus—prokaryotic(PRO = NO) • Ex: bacteria • Organisms with cells that have true nucleus and organelles—eukaryotic (EU = TRUE) • Ex: plants, animals, fungi

7. Levels of Organization • Organism • Organ System • Organ • Tissue • Cell

8. Cell Parts and Their Functions: Specialized cell parts called organelles— “little organs”

9. Cell membrane—determines what goes in and out of the cell aka “gate keeper”

10. Cytoplasm—gel-like medium that holds the organelles in position

11. 1. Nucleus—control center of the cell • Double membranethat surrounds the nucleus—nuclear membrane • Hereditary information inside the nucleus—chromatin (DNA)

14. 4. Ribosomes—makes proteins

15. RIBOSOMES • Tiny, granular organelles located on _endoplasmic reticulum_____ or suspended in _cytosol_______. Site of _protein production_____. All cells (pro & euk) have ribosomes.

16. 5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (roughER)— makes and transports proteins within the cell • Called rough ER because of the ribosomes found on its surface

17. Rough ER

18. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER)—manufactures and transport lipids and other materials within the cell. Breaks down glycogen, detoxifies poisons, and stores calcium. • Called smooth ER because it lacks ribosomes found on its surface

19. 7.Golgi apparatus—processes and • packages proteins and other substances produced in the ER

20. Golgi apparatus • Flattened, round sacs that look like a sack of _pancakes_____. Receives, modifies, and ships products by way of _vesicles____ into the _cytosol → cell membrane_______

21. Found in animal cells only: • 8. Lysosomes—cleans up the cell and • digests unwanted materials

22. lysosomes • Found in _animal__ cells only. Round sacs containing _enzymes___ that _break down___ and _recycle_____used cell components. Also used as defense against _bacteria_____ and _viruses__

23. Vacuoles—sac-like structures may be used as storage for _water___, _molecules__,_or wastes. • Plant cells usually contain a large vacuole that fills most of the cell—pressure from this large vacuole helps plants support themselves

24. 10. Mitochondria—energy source of the cell (powerhouse – “Mighty mitochondria”) Double-walled organelle with inner folds _to increase surface area____. Uses _glucose_____ to manufacture energy in the form of _ATP____. Mitochondria have their own _DNA____.

25. Found in plant cells only: • 11.Cell wall—provides support and • protection for cell • Composed mainly of cellulose (plant starch)—fiber for our diet • 12. Chloroplast—makes glucose using the energy • from the sun (photosynthesis)

26. CHLOROPLAST

27. 13. Centrioles Found in _animal____ cells only. Bundles of _microtubules_______that play a role in _cell division_____

28. 14 Cytoskeleton—network of protein • filaments that helps cell maintain its shape

29. Cytoskeleton Composed of protein fibers known as _microtubules____ and _microfilaments_______. Anchor _organelles_____ and provide _structure_____. Also provide motility for some cells in the form of _cilia___ or _flagella____. More extensive cytoskeleton found in _animal___ cells.

30. Specialized Parts for movement: • 1. Cilia (like little hairs) 2. Flagella (like a tail)

31. Specialized Cells: Different cells in your body do different jobs. The structure (how it’s built) of cells matches the function (what it does).

32. Plant Examples: • Leaf cell—contains many chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis • Root cell (potato)—contains many vacuoles to maximize water and starch storage

33. Animal Examples: • Epithelial cells—have villi to increase nutrient absorption; found in the intestines chloroplast

34. 2. Muscle cells—contain many mitochondria to produce more energy for movement

35. 3. Nerve cells—have fibers called dendrites that allow nerve cells to communicate with each other

36. A deeper look into cells… • Inside of Cell • Cell Parts Description and Animation

37. Plant cells vs. Animal Cells Plant cell Animal cell Both