9. Barbed wire – prevents animals from trampling crops steel plow – makes planting more efficient

1. Horses – they allowed Native Americans to travel farther and hunt more efficiently. This often led to war when one tribe could now easily enter another tribe’s hunting grounds Buffalo – provided many necessary items including tepees, clothing, shoes, blankets, (hides), meat, jerky, thread, bow strings, (sinews or tendons), tools, and toys (bones and horns) 2. The prospect of getting rich quickly by mining for silver and gold Abundant amounts of land that were free to people who were willing to farm it

2. 3. U.S. Army Colonel J.M. Chivington and his men attacked a Native American village while they were sleeping. Over 200 Native Americans were killed (many women and children) and their bodies were mutilated by the soldiers 4. U.S. Army Colonel George Custer led his troops into battle against Native Americans. He underestimated the number of Native Americans, his men and horses were very tired, and he split up his troops and attacked with only 200 men. In 20 minutes Custer and all of his men were killed.

3. 5. The goal of the Dawes Act was to assimilate or “Americanize” Native Americans in order to make them more like white Americans. The Act broke up reservations and put individual families on their own plots of land to farm, they also forced Native American children to attend white schools to teach them about America 6. A group of U.S. soldiers rounded up 300 Native Americans and told them to drop their weapons. One resisted and fired his weapon and the soldiers then began to fire on all of the unarmed Natives as well. In a few minutes 300 unarmed Native Americans were killed and this event ended the wars between U.S. soldiers and Native Americans on the frontier

4. 7. Railroads needed many workers to lay track so they recruited many immigrants to move to the west and work. Many of these workers settled in the west and remained there after the work was completed. The Government passed the Homestead Act which gave 160 acres of free land to anyone who would cultivate it for 5 years. 8. Dugouts – a home that was dug into the side of a ravine or a small hill Soddy – a home made of bricks of prairie soil, they provided little protection from the elements and were often full of snakes, insects, etc.

5. 9. Barbed wire – prevents animals from trampling crops steel plow – makes planting more efficient reaper – saves crops by speeding up harvest steel windmill – brings up underground water for irrigation 10. The Morrill Land Grant Acts were laws passed by Congress that gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges These colleges developed grains that would grow in arid soil and helped the Great Plains become the “breadbasket of the nation”

6. 11. Prices for crops were falling which forced many farmers to go in debt by buying more land in order to grow more crops Good farming land was becoming scarce and many farmers lost their land because it wasn’t producing enough crops Railroads charged farmers excessive prices for the shipping and storing of their crops 12. The Grange was a farmers’ organization that was intended to provide a social outlet and education for isolated farm families. It later began to fight the railroads by teaching members how to organize, setting up farmers’ cooperatives, and sponsoring state legislation to regulate the railroads.

7. 13. Increase in the money supply a graduated income tax a federal loan program direct election of U.S. Senators single terms for the President and V.P. a secret ballot to end voting fraud 8 hour workday restrictions on immigration 14. The economy grew faster than the markets. Companies spent too much money building and expanding businesses which caused them to go into debt. This led to bankruptcy, collapse of the stock market, banks refused to give loans, unemployment, and eventually homelessness and hunger

8. 15. Gold standard - paper $ is backed only by gold, this leads to less money in circulation, the value of money is higher, prices fall, fewer people have money, this was supported by bankers, & businessmen Bimetallism – paper $ is backed by both gold and silver, this puts more money in circulation, the value of money decreases, prices rise, more people have money, this was supported by farmers and laborers

9. 16. Republican William McKinley ran against Democrat William Jennings Bryan William McKinley won the election with the support of the wealthy and growing middle class The Cross of Gold Speech was given by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic Convention in 1896. It compared the gold standard to the cross that was used to crucify Jesus. He claimed that the gold standard would kill the working man by not allowing him to make enough money to support his family