Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop 22 nd August 2006 Manila, Philippines Lee Chook Khean

1. Fuel Quality & It’s Impact on Tailpipe Emission Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop 22nd August 2006 Manila, Philippines Lee Chook Khean Communications Director http://www.acfa.org.sg

2. Presentation Outline • Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles • Importance of Fuel Quality • Future Fuel Quality • Conclusions

3. Motor Vehicles & Air Pollution

4. Air Pollution in Asian Cities Source : CAI-Asia

5. Low Moderate Heavy Serious Air Quality in Selected Mega Cities Source: World Health Organization

6. Contribution of Mobile Source Emissions Source: Roger Gorham, Global Initiative on Transport Emissions, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2002.

7. Contribution of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles • Current world’s vehicle population is estimated at 800 million and expected to rise to 1 billion by 2020 • Increase in vehicle population has resulted in worsening air quality in major cities in the world. • Improvement in fuel quality have to work together with vehicle technology.

8. Combustion Technology Variable Mechanisms Electronic Control Materials Combustion Kinetics Reformulation Additives Experiment Diagnostics Simulation After treatment Technology Fuel Technology Reformulation Catalytic Chemistry Three Key Technologies for Reducing Emission

9. Importance of Fuel Quality

10. Vehicle Users Oil Companies • Fuel • Quality • Emission Regulations Government Departments Legislators • Alternative Fuels NGOs • In-use Vehicles Vehicle Manufacturers • Traffic Management Research Institutions Air Pollution Management

11. Drivers for Improved Fuel Qualities Source: Arthur D. Little

12. Gasoline Fuel Quality Improvement Source: Arthur D. Little

13. Diesel Fuel Quality Improvement Source: Arthur D. Little

14. Benefits of Improved Fuel Quality Source: Arthur D. Little

15. Effect of Gasoline Quality on Emission

16. Why is Fuel Quality Important ? • Fuel constituents directly affect emissions • Fuel changes can immediately impact emissions & air quality • Fuel composition can enable/disable pollution control technology • Elimination of Lead enable usage of catalytic converter • Low sulphur enhances the usage of catalytic converter • Other fuel properties are also important

17. Effect on Health The effects on health of transport-related air pollution are among the leading concerns about transport. Research in recent decades consistently indicates the adverse effects of outdoor air pollution on human health, and the evidence points to air pollution stemming from transport as an important contributor to these effects. World Health Organisation

18. Fuel Quality Properties Classification • Fuel qualities are classified as : • Enhancing properties - change emissions by a small degree compared with the changes brought about by engine technology. • Enabling properties - the changes they bring about enable the use of new engine technologies that can greatly reduce pollutant emissions

19. Unleaded and Low Sulphur Gasoline • Lead and Sulphur poisons the catalyst in modern three way catalytic converter • Impact is irreversible • Future low emission technologies even more sensitive • CO, HC & NOX emissions all improve with low sulphur gasoline Catalytic Converter reduces 90% of CO, HC & NOx Tailpipe emissions

20. Typical Emission Reduction System for Gasoline

21. E Typical Emission Reduction System for Diesel Exhaust Throttle Valve Air Flow Sensor E Integrated After Treatment System ・Oxidation Cat. 　 ・DPF 　 ・DeNOx Cat. Exhaust Gas Fresh Air Reductant Supply System Turbocharger (VGT，Two-staged) E Inter-cooler Temperatures and Pressures EGR Cooler EGR Valve E Output for Control E Intake Throttle Valve ECU High Pressure Injection System (Multiple Injection） E : Electronic Control E

22. Current & Future Fuel Quality

23. Global Status – Leaded Gasoline Phase-out (as of 1 June 2006) Source: UNEP – Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles

24. Japan South Korea Taiwan Vietnam Philippines Malaysia Singapore Thailand China Indonesia Cambodia North America WesternEurope Lead Removal Volatility Controls & Oxygenate Introduction Initial Benzene & Sulfur Reduction Olefin & Aromatic Content Limits Sulfur Elimination & Additional Composition Controls Introduction of Renewable Fuels (Biofuels) Objective: Control Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants Objective: CO2 Reduction Global Fuel Quality Status Source: International Fuel Quality Center

25. Global Gasoline Standards • Automobile Maker Standards – World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC) • European Union (EURO) Standards • US Standards - Boutique Fuels

26. EU Gasoline Standards

27. EU Diesel Standards

28. Road Transport Emissions in Europe

29. Emission from Gasoline Cars in Europe

30. Cost of Upgrading • Source : International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) • www.theICCT.org

31. Benefit of Cleaner Fuels • Source : International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) • www.theICCT.org

32. Conclusions • Asia contains countries at widely differing levels of economic development and environmental quality • Transport fuel qualities vary widely • Fuel reformulation generally follows the EURO model • Significant progress have been made in fuel quality improvement but much work still needs to be done