Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Chapter 9

2. Industrial Revolution • A major change in the methods of production by using machines • Began in England in mid 1700’s • Prior to the mid 1700’s most goods were produced by hand, but majority of people were farmers • Major changes in agriculture (Agr. Rev.) that will spur the foundations for the Ind. Rev.

3. Industrial Revolution • Farmers of Gr. Britain started enclosure movement: fencing off large pastures • Effects of enclosure movement: 1st large tracts of land added with new farm tools and techniques enabled farmers to produce more 2nd effect forcing out of the small farmers who were often forced to move to cities for work

4. Industrial Revolution • As food supplies increased and living conditions improved, England’s population mushroomed. • Side effect of this—overcrowded cities and increase of the slums

5. Why did I.R. begin in England? • Large population of potential workers • Abundance of natural resources (water, coal, iron ore, rivers and harbors) • Expanding economy to support industrialization • Political stability

6. Factors of Production • Britain had all the necessary factors of production (resources needed to produce goods and services) • 1. Land 5. Gov’t Support • 2. Labor • 3. Capital • 4. Management

7. Industrial Revolution • Mechanization: introduction of machines • Domestic System—AKA Cottage Industry: refers to goods produced by hands in the home • 1st to be mechanized: textile industry; machines were quite large, the home could not handle these large machines • Factory System emerged: goods produced by machines in a factory

8. Industrial Revolution • By the 1800s there was an explosion of inventions/innovations • Invention: something new • Innovation: an advanced version or improvement

9. Innovations • Henry Bessemer and James Kelly=Bessemer Process • Cheaper process for making stronger steel

10. James Hargreaves • Spinning Jenny

11. James Watt • modern steam engine

12. Charles Goodyear=vulcanized rubber

13. Robert Fulton • steamboat

14. Samuel Morse • telegraph

15. Eli Whitney • Interchangeable parts and Cotton Gin

16. Cyrus McCormick • Reaper

17. Alexander Graham Bell • Telephone

18. Guglielmo Marconi • Wireless telegraph (ship to shore communication)

19. Michael Faraday • Electricity/electric generator

20. Thomas Edison • Light bulb (2 days)

21. Wright Brothers • First sustained flight (12 seconds) 120 feet Kitty Hawk, NC 1903

22. Henry Ford • Assembly Line • The assembly line radically changed production by speeding up the process • Each worker was given a specific task=division of labor

23. What would speed up the assembly process? • Mass production: large amounts of identical products to be produced in a short period of time=lower price • When assembly line applied to automobile production in early 1900’s it drastically lowered price—this will enable many people to own a car and society was forever changed!

24. Medicine and Science • Louis Pasteur • Discovered process of bacteria reproduction • Developed pasteurization which heated liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation

25. Medicine and Science • Edward Jenner • Principle of inoculation/vaccination • Smallpox!!!

26. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution • IR caused large shift in population from rural to urban • Urbanization: movement of people to the cities

27. Social Effects cont… • Growth of population caused overcrowding living areas • These slum apartments were called tenements • Living Conditions: • No building codes, no sanitary codes, no police • 6-12 people in one bedroom apartment (fleas, fires, etc.)

28. Social Effects cont… • Life Span—17 yrs working class;38 yrs rural • 14 hrs/day 6 days a week avg work week • Dangerous working conditions • Coal mines were most dangerous (used women and children and avg life span was 10 yrs less)

29. Social Effects cont… • Noticeable distinctions against the middle class: (merchants and factory owners) • Suburbs, different clothing, hired help • Education for their children

30. Positive Effects of IR • Created jobs and wealth • Progress • Raised the standards of living (healthier diets, better housing, cheaper clothing)

31. Economic Systems • As the gap btwn the wealthy and the poor widened there were several critics of the economic systems and political systems that fostered these conditions

32. Capitalism • Economic system in which the private individuals invest money in business ventures in hopes of making a profit • Democratic governments offer: • Free enterprise (the right of people to own a business for profit) • Laissez-faire (non-interference)

33. Capitalism—Adam Smith • Adam Smith supported the free markets of capitalism because he said the economy and cycles of business naturally regulate itself with two laws: • 1. Law of supply and demand (regulate price) • 2. Law of competition (regulate quality)

34. Capitalism • Biggest Complaint: • Workers do all of the work (exploitation) • Owners receive the profit • Smith’s Support • Everyone has the ability to succeed

35. Socialism • Economic system where individuals have the right to control the factors of production but the government owns the major industries for the welfare of all • Some free enterprise • Also driven by concept of utilitarianism • Government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people • Some invention

36. Communism • A radical form of socialism introduced by Karl Marx (father of modern communism) • Economic/Political system where the government has total control over the economy—all government planning (command economy)

37. Communism cont… • Marx argued that there would be a struggle btwn the bourgeoisie (employers) and the proletariat (workers) • Eventually the workers would take over and share the wealth—no need for government (pure communism)

38. Economic Systems cont… • Capitalism never collapsed mainly due to the reform movement • Growth of unions (workers join together in voluntary associations to bargain for better working conditions) • Unions would engage in collective bargaining (negotiation process) • Strikes—refusal to work

39. Reform Laws • Factory Act: no children under 9 • 9-12 years old = 8 hour workday • 13-17 years old = 12 hour workday • Mines Act: no women and children underground • Ten Hours Act: women and children in factories = ten hour workday • In the US = National Child Labor Committee to end child labor