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Napoleon Forges an Empire. Edmund Burke ’ s Prediction: True or False?.
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Edmund Burke’s Prediction:True or False? Edmund Burke (1729-1797) was a British parliamentarian and political philosopher sometimes referred to as the ‘father of conservatism’. Written straight after the French Revolution began Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) was strongly antirevolutionary, arguing that revolution would destroy also all that was good in society, create disorder, and lead ultimately to the comming to power of a tyrant seen as capable of restoring order. Louis XVI Revolution Napoleon I
Do Now • Take out your French Rev Movie Questions • Pick up guided notes for the section on Napoleon • DO NOT LOSE THEM – you will need them for the entire chapter.
The Age of Napoleon • From 1799 – 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte would dominate France and Europe. • Looked at as a hero to some and an evil force to others • Would become the final phase of the French Revolution
Coup D’Etat • The government was unsettled in 1799. • Napoleon took advantage of this and suddenly seized power or coup d’état. • The term is French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state.
Napoleon Takes Power as First Council1799 • Napoleon and his brother, Lucien, overturned the government and set up a Roman-style Consulate • Two of the consuls had to be elected, as in Roman times, but Napoleon was First Consul for life • Similar to how Julius Caesar ruled • After some royalists attempted to assassinate him, Napoleon declared himself Emperor. • (almost exactly how Julius Caesar operated)
Do Now Napoleon Crossing the St. Bernard Pass. French painting, 1801 Read the background information and complete the two questions.
Napoleon’s Changes • Tax collection was made more fair and orderly so France could rely on a steady supply of money. • Dishonest government workers were removed. • Free & fair constitution with ministers appointed by Napoleon • He wrote a new set of laws called the Napoleonic Code which guaranteed rights for all (except women, they were kept strictly under male control.) • strict censorship of the press and extensive secret police work • Free speech was limited and slavery was restored in the French colonies. • He started lycées - a new public school for ordinary citizens. • He gave the church back some of its power • signed a concordat (or agreement) with the pope to gain support of the organized church.
Napoleonic Code • The Napoleonic Code, or Code Civil, entered into force on March 21, 1804. • The code forbade privileges based on birth • allowed freedom of religion • specified that government jobs go to the most qualified
The Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon hoped to expand his empire in Europe and the New World. • 1803 = major setback • army was sent to re-conquer Haiti and establish a base was destroyed by yellow fever &fierce resistance. • French possessions in North America were now indefensible • Facing war with Britain, he sold them to the United States • The Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Sold to U.S. for $15 million • less than three cents per acre. • $234 million in 2014 dollars, less than 42 cents per acre
Napoleon’s Wars: The Truce Doesn’t Last • 1803-1805 • Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Ulm (1805) • Then defeated Austrians & Russians, at Austerlitz (1805), his greatest victory. • Ends Third Coalition Austria, Portugal, Russia • Defeats Holy Roman Empire • Est. confederation of the Rhine
The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 Humiliating defeat for France The defeat prevented any possibility of an invasion of England for Napoleon Horatio Nelson – British War Hero Sunk both the French and Spanish fleets
The Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire Mistake #3 In 1812 Napoleon attempted to conquer Russia.The Russians retreated and followed a scorched-earth policy leaving no livestock or grain for the French Army. The onset of Winter, attacks and deserters left only 10,000 of the original 400,000 troops. Mistake #1 In 1806 Napoleon attempted to blockade British ports to hurt their economy. This Continental System was to make the continent more self sufficient. The British Navy put their own blockade around Europe which weakened Europe’s economy. Mistake #2 Napoleon made his brother King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish people were loyal to their own king. The peasant fighters called guerrillasfought against Napoleon in a war called The Peninsular War.
Napoleon is Exiled • 1813: Battle of Leipsig • Russia, Austria, Prussia attempt to stop what is left of the Grand Army • Napoleon retreats to France • SURRENDER • He is exiled sent to the island of Elba, just off the Italian coast. • Louis XVIII takes the throne
“The Hundred Days” • ESCAPED Ten months after his exile • Destination city of Paris. • He gained support along his route to Paris. • Marched into Paris with a thousand of his old soldiers and new supporters. • He took over the city and was back in power for a short period of time that is now known as "The Hundred Days". • Napoleon's return led him to a final campaign in Belgium. • The allies acted fast. The British and the Prussians defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815.
Napoleon’s Lost War • After defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon tried to throw himself on the mercy of the British • London wasn’t interested • sent to St. Helena hundreds of miles off the coast of Africa • Spent time dictating a highly inaccurate version of his life story & hiding from the guards to make them think he’d escaped again • Controversy over Napoleon’s death • The French like to think the British poisoned him, possibly with arsenic in the wallpaper – (but why didn’t it kill anyone else?) • More likely, and less dramatic, Napoleon died of cancer
EXIT TICKET • Make a T-Chart and list the changes that Napoleon made, both positive and negative. Downfall of Napoleon
Do Now Thursday • Was Napoleon Murdered – video
Do Now • Have your homework out • Take a Social Studies Course Selection Sheet • Look over the electives and circle the courses that you are interested in for next year • Have guided notes out: • Finish Notes • Painting Analysis
The Bourbons Are Back • The great powers of Europe had to decide who was going to rule France. • Couldn’t be Napoleon or anyone in his family • Couldn’t be a republic – no more guillotine. • This leaves the Bourbons. • In 1814, Louis XVI’s brother, the Duke of Provence, came home from his comfortable exile in England and took the throne as Louis XVIII. • After all that trouble, France was a monarchy again.
Congress of Vienna • The Congress of Vienna met for the purpose of restoring order to Europe. • Met for 10 months – September 1814 to June 1815 • Hosted by Austrian Emperor Francis I • The work fell to Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and Lord Robert Castlereagh of Britain.
Congress Strives for Peace • Main goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power & protecting the system of monarchy. • Metternich – restore order to 1792 • Alexander I – “holy alliance” of Christian monarchs to suppress future revolutions • Lord Castlereagh – prevent revival of French military power • The peacemakers redrew the map of Europe • Legitimacy – restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated. • They put Louis XVIII on the French throne before the Congress even met • Restored legitimate monarchs in Portugal, Spain and the Italian states.
Congress Fails to See Traps Ahead • Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain extend their alliance into the postwar era. • Pledge to act together to preserve the balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings. • Known as the Concert of Europe – powers met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace of Europe. • Their decisions influenced European politics for the next 100 years • Would not see another war on a Napoleonic scale until 1914 • Failed to see how nationalism would shake the foundations of Europe
Klemens von Metternich’s 3 goals
Metternich's three goals for the congress: 1 Make sure the French would not attack another country again 2 He wanted a balance of power so no one country would be a threat to another. 3 He wanted to return legitimacy back to the kings Napoleon had driven out.
Czar Alexander of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria and King Frederick William III of Prussia formed the HOLY ALLIANCE
The Concert of Europe was the broad cooperation between Europe's great powers after 1815. Its purpose was to maintain the peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna following the defeat of Napoleonic France. The Concert of Europe was also known as the Congress System, and the person at the forefront of the Concert of Europe was Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria. Specifically, the aim of the Concert of Europe was for the leading nations in Europe - Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia - to work together to prevent the outbreak of revolution in each nation.
The Effects of The French Revolution These were felt in several ways in countries outside France. Due to the people's revolt against the monarchy, the Russians succeeded in overthrowing the Czar and transferring from an Absolute Monarchy to Communism. England also benefited from this. The people rebelled against the monarchy and caused the English monarchs to lose all power and control over the people. "The French Revolution was a step towards replacing traditional aristocratic forms of government with more open, elective systems. Along with the American Revolution, it inspired reformers throughout the western world."
Napoleon’s Wars • 1806-1807: Napoleon destroys the Prussians and Russians – he now controls much of the continent • 1806: closes every port in Europe to British ships • 1807: Britain blocks any port joining the Continental System, so no one can trade with anyone • 1808: Spanish stage massive anti-French rising. Peninsula Wars last for 6 years. British help the Spanish. Drain the French of men and morale. • 1812: Napoleon invades Russia and captures Moscow. Russians promptly burn the city down, so Napoleon’s men have to retreat. Most of them die on the way – Napoleon flees to France.
