Food System Resilience in an Era of Globalization and Environmental Change

1. Sign Up for Free SSF Membership To Access the Webinar Archives www.securityandsustainabilityforum.org Food System Resilience in an Era of Globalization and Environmental Change October 19th, 2015 • Upcoming SSF Webinars: • How to Get Things Done in Cities: Bridging the Public-Private Divide – October 20th • Climate Risk Reduction at the National and Sub-National Scale – October 26th • Urban Resilience in the Era of Climate Change – October 29th • Using "Living" Flood Maps to Prepare Coastal Communities - November 9th Hallie Eakin Associate Professor, School of Sustainability Edward Saltzberg Security & Sustainability Forum Managing Director

2. Upcoming Webinars SSF Webinar Schedule Register at: www.ssfonline.org More SSF Webinars Coming Up: • Upcoming SSF Webinars: • How to Get Things Done in Cities: Bridging the Public-Private Divide – October 20th • Climate Risk Reduction at the National and Sub-National Scale – October 26th • Urban Resilience in the Era of Climate Change – October 29th • Using "Living" Flood Maps to Prepare Coastal Communities - November 9th Join SSF to receive updates and registration info. on upcoming programs!

3. Agenda • Introduction: Dr. Hallie Eakin, ASU • Panelists • Dr. Evan Fraser, University of Guelph • Dr. Jennifer Hodbod, ASU • Dr. Bruce Rittmann, ASU • Panel Discussion • Audience Q&A: Use the box in the go to Webinar window • Panelists Summaries Download PDF of the slides from the GTW window (Please Take the Brief Exit Survey)

4. Moderator Moderator Dr. Hallie Eakin’s recent research investigated economic globalization, agricultural change, and rural vulnerability to climate in the context of comparative international projects involving case studies in Mexico, Argentina, Guatemala, and Honduras. She is currently exploring coffee farmers’ adaptive strategies in Mexico and Central America. Dr. Eakin has consulted with the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency on projects in agricultural development, the use of seasonal forecasting in drought risk mitigation, and adaptation to anticipated climate-change impacts on urban water availability. She teaches courses on sustainable worlds.

5. The Speakers Dr. Evan Fraser Professor, University of Guelph Canada Research Chair in Global Human Security in the Department of Geography  Fellow of the Trudeau Foundation Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographic Society Member of the Royal Society of Canada's College of New Scholars Dr. Jennifer Hodbod Senior Sustainability Fellow, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of SustainabilityPostdoctoral Research Fellow, Walton Sustainability Fellowship Program, Walton Sustainability Solutions Initiatives Dr. Bruce Rittmann Distinguished Sustainability Scientist, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of SustainabilityRegents' Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of EngineeringDirector, Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute

6. Food System Resilience Dr. Hallie Eakin Arizona State University

7. What is a food system? Global Environmental Change and Food Systems Project (GECAFS): www.gecafs.org

8. What is a food system? Global Environmental Change and Food Systems Project (GECAFS): www.gecafs.org

9. Resilience • Capacity to recover from shocks and disturbance, and maintain essential functions • Capacity to learn, adapt, reorganize in face of disturbance while maintaining essential functions Thresholds of system change System state or basin of attraction

10. Possible Dimensions of Food System Resilience…? Evan Fraser University of Guelph frasere@uoguelph.ca

11. http://www.internationalyearofthepotato.ie/images/irish_potato_famine_bridget_odonnel_smaller.jpghttp://www.internationalyearofthepotato.ie/images/irish_potato_famine_bridget_odonnel_smaller.jpg

12. Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas Dust bowl surveying in Texas, April 18, 1935 Credit: NOAA George E. Marsh Album

13. New technologies allowed for huge increases in productivity … …but also resulted in highly vulnerable, erosion prone landscapes that lack biodiversity.

14. Dust Bowl farmer driving tractor with young son near Cland, New MexicoLibrary of Congress, Digital IDfsa 8b32410

15. http://it.stlawu.edu/~ptalag37/images/new/ireland/images/Untitled-22_jpg.jpghttp://it.stlawu.edu/~ptalag37/images/new/ireland/images/Untitled-22_jpg.jpg

16. Agricultural bounty supported vibrant and affluent urban populations …but resulted in poor quality highly specialized livelihoods amongst the poor.

19. The rich and powerful grew richer and more powerful …but created an institutional context that did not provide safety nets or welfare for those most in need.

20. http://www.rootsweb.com/~irlker/images/glenevict.jpt

21. High High Capacity of institutions Livelihood richness and diversity Low Low Low Agro-ecosystem resilience High

22. High High Capacity of institutions Livelihood richness and diversity If the system is seen to move in this direction, then we can infer that smaller and smaller environmental problems will have bigger and bigger impacts on food security… Low Low Low Agro-ecosystem resilience High

23. How are these dimensions changing today?

24. Food and Resilience Webinar Dr. Jennifer Hodbod jennifer.hodbod@asu.edu

25. Resilience & food systems • The purpose of applying social-ecological resilience thinking to food systems is twofold: • Define those factors that help achieve a state in which food security for all and at all scales is possible; • To provide insights into how to maintain the system in this desirable regime. • The resilience of food systems is distinct from the broader conceptualizations of resilience in social-ecological systems because of the fundamentally normative nature of food systems: humans need food to survive. • Thus, system stability is typically a primary policy objective for food system management.

26. Multifunctionality • Food systems are currently managed for too narrow objectives (profit and production) rather than the full diversity of functions at multiple scales. • Multifunctionality is required to be resilient – economic, socio-cultural, and bio-physical. Nutritional viability Livelihoods Culture Economic diversity Health Biodiversity Values Economic viability Ecological integrity Water resource sustainability Food security

27. Multifunctionality & resilience • We propose that functional and response diversity are two key attributes of resilient food systems • The number of different functional groups • The diversity of types of responses to disturbances within a functional group. • Achieving food security will require functional redundancy and enhanced response diversity, creating multiple avenues to fulfill all food system objectives. • I.e. multifunctional food systems • Hodbod, J., & Eakin, H. (2015). Adapting a social-ecological resilience framework for food systems. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences,5(3), 474-484.

28. Resilience California Hodbod & Eakin (2015).

29. Complexity of implementing resilience perspectives • Embedded norms regarding functions • Resilience is hard (possible?) to measure • Different stakeholders have different visions of desirability • What are the most appropriate scales for implementation? • Top-down? • Does scaling up require incorporating multifunctionality into policy? • Bottom-up?

30. How can resilient food systems be created? • Design food systems that manage for multiple functions • Adaptive Multi-Paddock Grazing • High-intensity, short-duration grazing • Iterative management system • Testing in East African and North American context • Bottom-up example

31. Implementation • Community mobilisation, ecological training, training on grazing planning

32. Value multiple functions - building functional and response diversity into the system

33. 2. A map of the grazing area is developed integrating all relevant features including watering areas, settlements, areas requiring special measures etc.

34. 3. The grazing area is split into paddocks for grazing planning and a Grazing Plan is developed to ensure that plant recovery time is optimised and no over-grazing can take place. 4. The plan is implemented but constantly monitored to allow adaptation as soon as problems are encountered, or life deviates from the assumptions made.

35. How can resilient food systems be created? • East African context: • Maintain traditional livestock-based livelihoods whilst: • Regenerating ecosystem services and ecological resources such as fodder; • Increasing productivity and income; • Increasing beneficial social outcomes such as food security and wellbeing. • Improved soil will increase the effectiveness of rainfall, increasing resilience to drought • North American context: • https://vimeo.com/80518559

36. Utility of resilience framing in grazing systems • Adaptive • Adaptive management • System thinking – change mindsets? • Multifunctionality • Diversity • Value social, ecological and economic outputs  lead to triple-bottom line sustainability? • Pathways out of poverty traps in East Africa • Themselves resilient

37. Thanks! Dr. Jennifer Hodbod jennifer.hodbod@asu.edu

38. More Sustainable Food from Renewable Energy, Nutrients, and Solids Bruce R. Rittmann, Director Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology

39. Today, agricultural wastes are a large liability • Crop residuals, run-off, animal manures, food-processing residues, uneaten food • Environmental hazards: oxygen depletion, odors, eutrophication/hypoxia • Global-climate-change drivers, esp. fugitive CH4 • Economic costs and regulatory risks to the “owners”

40. But, • We know that many kinds of complex organic residues – food processing wastes, animal wastes, sludges, microalgae, etc. – can be converted into renewable, socially useful energy by different anaerobic microbial systems. • Why aren’t we doing more of it? • So far, it is not economically valuable enough.

41. We Need to Improve the Value Proposition • Get more energy out of complex organic residues • Produce a higher value energy output than methane • Capture nutrients into high value “mobile” stream • Get high value from the left-over solids

42. More Sustainable Food from Renewable Energy, Nutrients, and Solids

43. Sludge pre-treatment technologies

44. More Sustainable Food from Renewable Energy, Nutrients, and Solids

45. H2 from an MEC or CH4? • H2 can be used to power chemical fuel cells, say to drive your car of the future. • H2 is a major feedstock to the chemical industry for reductions, or hydrogenations. • H2 can be used for water-pollution control to reduce oxidized contaminants, like nitrate, perchlorate, selenate, and TCE  The MBfR technology. • The economic value of H2 is about 5 times greater than CH4 on an e- (or BOD) basis!

46. More Sustainable Food from Renewable Energy, Nutrients, and Solids

47. P-recovery strategy (similar for N) Sources Conversions Recovery and Use Energy output, e.g., CH4 or H2 High P and BOD (animal waste) (40% of mined P) Convert Org-P to Inorg-P simultaneously with anaerobic bioenergy production Separate, concentrate, and recover Inorg-P by selective adsorption or ion exchange Medium P and BOD (sewage) (16% of mined P) Convert Org-P to Inorg-P with an AOP Water for reuse Low P and BOD (runoff) (46% of mined P) Recovered P for food crops or other uses

48. More Sustainable Food from Renewable Energy, Nutrients, and Solids

49. High-value Soil Amendment from Residual Solids • Post anaerobic digestion, they • Dry residual biomass • Augment with N and P • Pelletize • For regional use.