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The Twenties at Bay

Experience the excitement and cultural revolution of the 1920s! From the politics of prosperity to the rise of consumer culture, prohibition, and the Harlem Renaissance, discover the key events and influential figures that defined this pivotal era.

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The Twenties at Bay

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  1. The Twenties at Bay “Seldom has a generation given so little of permanent value and so much that was troublesome to the future.”

  2. Election of 1920 A return to “normalcy” Pushed through measures to help business High tariffs Unregulated private business Price supports for farmers The Politics of Prosperity Warren G. Harding

  3. Harding’s “Ohio gang” “Teapot Dome” Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall Accepts $400,000 in bribes Leased oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, WY The Politics of Prosperity Warren G. Harding

  4. Defeat of Progressivism Coolidge reduced government control of the economy Tax cuts for corporations and wealthy individuals Supreme Court ruled against “Closed Shops” “The business of America is business” The New Era Calvin Coolidge

  5. The New Era • After WWI • U.S. economy is booming • New York City becomes the center of world finance

  6. Consumer Culture • Increase in income • More spending money • Mass production • New products • Consumer revolution

  7. Consumer Culture • Advertising • Mass Marketing • Sold a way of life

  8. Consumer Culture • Installment buying • Buy now , pay later

  9. An automobile “driven” society • Automobiles replaced railroads • Transportation • Fueled the creation of highways • New industries

  10. An automobile “driven” society • Social changes brought on by the automobile • more “mobile’ society • vacations • suburbs • tourism industry • Motels

  11. Henry Ford • Mass production • Assembly line • Simple, repetitive • More efficient • Less skills • Made cars cheaper Model T - “Tin Lizzy”

  12. Henry Ford • raised salaries to $5.00 a day • Built-in market for his cars

  13. Welfare Capitalism • Improved safety and sanitation • Paid vacations • Pension plans • Encouraged loyalty • Discouraged labor unions

  14. The Roaring Twenties • The New Woman • Increased earnings gave women more buying power • Challenged Victorian ideals • Fashions

  15. The Roaring Twenties • The New Woman • New political and social roles • Feminists • Pressured Congress to make laws that concerned women • Equal Rights Amendment of 1923 • More women worked for pay • “Women’s jobs” • Secretaries, librarians, nurses

  16. Prohibition January, 1920 Lowered the consumption of alcohol Treasury Department Speakeasies and bootleggers Criminals took over the liquor trade The Roaring Twenties Al Capone

  17. Harlem Renaissance Mix of artists, sculptors, poets, social leaders Came together in Harlem, NY The Roaring Twenties Aaron Douglas, Noah’s Ark, 1927

  18. Harlem Renaissance Aaron Douglas Langston Hughes “the Poet Laureate of Harlem” The Roaring Twenties Aaron Douglas Crucifixion, 1927

  19. Jazz music

  20. Marcus Garvey Denounced the NAACP Black Star Line – back to Africa movement Deported to Jamaica The Roaring Twenties

  21. Mass Culture • Popular culture • Became mass produced • radio, • movies • sports • Age of the Celebrity

  22. Popular culture Became mass produced radio, movies sports Age of the Celebrity Mass Culture

  23. Mass Culture • Charles A. Lindbergh • First person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic • 1927 • The Spirit of St. Louis

  24. Resistance to Change

  25. Resistance to Change • Johnson-Reid Act of 1924 • Limited the number of immigrants to 161,000 a year • 2 percent quotas based on the 1890 census

  26. “100% Americanism” • The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan • Revived in 1915 • Organized a network of local societies across the country • Appealed to urban workers, women • Anti-foreigner, anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic • 3 to 4 million members

  27. Resistance to Change • Sacco and Vanzetti case • Anti-foreign hysteria • Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti • Italian immigrants charged with murder in 1921 • Executed in 1927 • Became symbols of social justice

  28. Resistance to Change

  29. Resistance to Change • The Scopes Trial • In 1925 John Scopes, Biology teacher in Tennessee, teaches evolution in the classroom • Darwinism v. Fundamentalism • Clarence Darrow against William Jennings Bryan

  30. Resistance to Change

  31. Republicans in power • Dawes Plan of 1924 • Led by businessmen • Reduced Germany’s war payments • Gave loans to Germany

  32. Al Smith and the Election of 1928 • Coolidge out • Social issues • Al Smith -Democrat • Anti-prohibition • First Catholic to run for office • Herbert Hoover

  33. Landslide victory for Herbert Hoover • Seen as a reformer • Promised to banish poverty • Hoover wins 58% of the popular vote

  34. The “False Paradise” • Foreign economy • Massive war debts of foreign nations to the U.S. • U.S. demands repayment • High tariffs • prevented other nations from selling in the U.S. • Had less money to buy U.S. goods • American banks extended credit to prop up the export trade • More debt

  35. The “False Paradise” • Domestic economy • uneven distribution of wealth – • 5% of population had 33% of the income • 60 % earned less than $2000/year

  36. The “False Paradise” • Domestic economy • Average income of farmers; $240 a year • Low prices for goods • Personal debt piled up; too much credit • Overproduction • Businesses continued to produce • Too much supply; not enough demand

  37. The Great Crash • Wall Street • Unregulated Stock speculation • Value of stocks went up 400% • Borrowing money to buy stocks • Buying on margin • Paying only a small part down

  38. The Great Crash • Black Thursday • October 24, 1929 • Investors panic to sell stock • Black Tuesday • The market crashes • Banks fail; people lose their savings

  39. The Great Crash • Herbert Hoover • November, 1929 • Business and labor conference • Business • Maintain investments and production • Keep workers on the job • Labor • Give up demands for improvements in wages, hours, working conditions

  40. The Great Crash • Herbert Hoover attempts to help • Agricultural Marketing Act • Farm Board – bought up farm surpluses to raise prices • Public works projects • $240 million worth

  41. The Great Crash • Herbert Hoover attempts • Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932 • Federal agency empowered to lend government funds, to banks, insurance companies, railroads

  42. The Great Crash • Herbert Hoover attempts • Trickle-down economics • Pour money in at the top, hopefully it will “trickle-down” • Didn’t help the poor

  43. The Great Crash • Herbert Hoover attempts • Tariff of 1930 • Highest rates in U.S. history • Raised tariffs on 925 manufactured products • Foreign nations raised their tariffs to keep out American products • Spread the crisis throughout the world

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