A presentation by Binh Lam Ming-Ching Chu Kumiko Tominaga Mai Ai Tu

1. IP ADDRESS A presentation by Binh Lam Ming-Ching Chu Kumiko Tominaga Mai Ai Tu

2. Modules • IP Address and Classes • IP Address Architecture • Sub-netting • New Version of IP Address

3. What is IP Address? 32 bits Network IDHost ID • - Has 4 dotted decimal notation. (000 . 00 . 000 . 00) • Each 4 dotted decimal or octets has Eight positions as a Binary format Ex: (00100100). • - The largest eight bits binary number is 11111111. • Have been divided into classes: A, B, C, D, and E • - There are three main CLASSES: A, B, and C.

4. 0 Network (7 bits) Host -ID (24 bits) CLASS A • - Referred as 8 bits network • 24 bit host-ID • The 1st bit of the 1st octet is always 0. • Total number of networks octet is from 0 to 126 • Number of networks supported is 127 • Number of hosts supported per network 16,777,214 • For very large organizations

5. CLASS B 10Network (14-bits)Host-ID (16-bits) • - Referred as 16 bits network • 16 bits host-ID • The 1st two bits of the 1st octet are always 10 • Number of networks octet is 128-191 • Number of networks supported is 16000 • Number of hosts supported per network is 65534 • For medium size organizations

6. CLASS C 110Network (21- bits)Host-ID (8-bits) • Referred as 24-bits network • 8 bits host-id • The 1st three bits of the 1st octet are always 110 • Number of networks octet is 192-254 • Number of networks supported is 2,097,152 • Number of hosts supported per network is 254 • For small organizations

7. CLASS E & CLASS D - Class D is reserved for IP multicasting. - First 4 higher-order bits are 1 1 1 0. - Supports by Microsoft for multicasting. - Class E is reserved for possible future use. - First 4 higher-order bits are 1 1 1 1.

8. IP in Network Layer • The transmission mechanism by the TCP/IP protocols. • Unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol • It must be paired with a reliable protocol, such as TCP

10. TCP/IP Communication • Basic communication language or protocol of the Internet, Intranet, and extranet • Direct access to the Internet—a copy of the TCP/IP program • Uses the Client/Server model of communication • Point-to-point

11. TCP/IP and the Internet • A single network connecting many computers of any size and type • A host—a computer • All interconnected physical networks—one huge network • All the hosts to be connected to this larger logical network

13. IP Address in Network and Local • Brief introduction of IP address in TCP/IP • The network part of the IP address ---Internet network address or number ---Network Information Center(NIC) • The local or host part of the IP address ---unique network number and a host number ---identify a subnetwork or subnet address

14. Two Method for IP Addressing • Dynamic addressing • IP address is obtained automatically by DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) • Static Addressing • IP address is manually configured by a network administrator

15. Subnet • Networks can be subdivided into subnets. • Subnetting allows to take one large network and break it into many smaller networks. • Subnetting appears as one network to the outsides. • Subnets are assigned by network administrators.

16. Reasons for Subnetting • Reduce network traffic • Optimize network performance • Simplify management • Facilitate spanning of large geographical distances

17. Subnet Divisions • All three divisions are subnets of 131. 108. 0. 0. 131. 108. 3. 0 Router 131. 108. 1. 0 131. 108. 2. 0

18. How to Create Subnet • Subnets are created by borrowing bits from host portion of the IP address to be used as network bits. • Two factors determine the number of host bits borrowed • Maximum number of subnets needed. • Maximum number of hosts per subnet needed.

19. Subnet Rules • Subnet bits are borrowed from host bits. • Any numbers of bits can be borrowed with 2 bits remaining in the host field. • For class A, B, C, maximum of 22 bits, 14 bits, and 6 bits can be borrowed respectively from the host fields. • In the IP address, all host fields of 1’s for broadcast.

20. How to Identify Subnet from IP Address • Use the subnet mask to AND with the IP address. • Subnet mask is used to tell which part of the IP Address is the network number, the subnet number and the host number. • Subnet mask has all 1’s in the network and subnet portions and all 0’s in the host portions.

21. Example: • Subnet Mask 255. 255. 255. 0 11111111. 11111111. 11111111.00000000 Class C • Subnet Mask 255. 255. 255. 224 11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11100000 Class C with 3 bits borrowed from host field for subnet.

22. IP Address next Generation • Also know as IPv6 and design by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) • 128 bits • Design as an evolutionary set of improvements to the current IP Address.

23. Key features in IPv6 • Larger IP address space • Deploy more recent technologies • Autoconfiguration • Security • Friendly to traffic engineering technologies • Multicast • Better support for ad-hoc networking

24. Continues • A cure to routing table growth • Simplified header structures • Smooth transition from IPv4 • Follows the key design principles of IPv4

25. Advantages of IPv6 • Rule for 3 types of addressing • Unicast (one host to one other host) • Anycast (one host to the nearest of multiple hosts) • Multicast (one host to multiple hosts) • Speed network performance • Anycast messages can be used to update routing tables along the line.

26. Continues • Packets can be identified as belonging to a particular “flow” so that packets that are part of a multimedia presentation that needs to arrive in “real time” can be provided a higher quality-of-service relative to other customers. • Include extensions that allow a packet to specify a mechanism for authenticating its origin, for ensuring data integrity, and for ensuring privacy.

27. The End Thank You And Good Luck On Your Finals