THE ENLIGHTENMENT

1. THE ENLIGHTENMENT "The Age of Reason"

2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT • The late 17th – 18th centuries • Challenged Political Authority • Challenged Religious Authority • Challenged the Social Order

3. MONTESQUIEU • French Aristocrat • Wanted a Constitutional Monarchy in France • Wrote the book - The Spirit of the Laws in 1748

4. MONTESQUIEU • Separation of Powers - 3 Branches of Gov’t • Executive • Legislative • Judicial • Checks and Balances • each checks the power of the other • Power shouldn’t rest in one person

6. Voltaire • French Middle Class • Exiled to Great Britain • “Letters on the English” • Candide

7. Voltaire • Civil Liberties • Universal toleration of all people • Religious Tolerance

8. Voltaire • “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Expression

10. Rousseau • From the lower-class • Emile • Education • children must develop naturally and spontaneously • learn by direct experience

11. Rousseau • “man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” • The Social Contract • people entered into a social contract among themselves • surrender all their rights to the community

12. = Rousseau • General Will • the will of the majority • Government is a necessary evil • if it does not carry out the General Will, the people can overthrow it • Popular Sovereignty • Power of the government rests in the people

14. Denis Diderot • Highly Educated • Editor of The Encyclopedie • virtually all important French philosophescontributed

15. Denis Diderot • Articles attacked The Old Regime • religious intolerance • unjust taxation • governmental absolutism

16. Adam Smith • Scottish • Father of Modern Economics • Believed in Capitalism • The Invisible Hand • Competition will regulate the economy • laissez-faire policy • No Government intervention • Hands-off

17. Mary Wollstonecraft • English • A Vindication on the Rights of Men • A Vindication on the Rights of Women

18. Mary Wollstonecraft • Supported the idea of Natural Rights • Believed Women should be educated

20. David Hume • Scottish • ATreatise of Human Nature • Empiricism • Knowledge comes from experience • Skepticism

21. Austrian • His work influenced other composers, i.e. Beethoven • His music reflected “a vision of humanity” • He was able to show mood through his works: Operas, Sonatas, Symphonies etc…. Mozart

22. German • Transitioned music from Classical to Romantic • Dedicated Eroica [French for Hero] to Napoleon • Retracted dedication when Napoleon declared himself Emperor Beethoven

23. Beethoven Interesting Facts • Started going deaf in his 20s – used a special rod attached to a soundboard that he bit, the vibrations helped him to perceive the sounds • Completely lost his hearing in 1815, but continued to compose and to conduct successfully

24. Beethoven Interesting Facts • Suffered from Bipolar disorder and suicidal thoughts • Most likely died of lead poisoning

25. The Salon • Women played an important role • Rich women held gatherings in their drawing rooms, or salons • Writers, musicians, painters, and philosophes exchanged ideas

26. The Scientific Revolution • Began well before the Enlightenment, dating as far back as the Renaissance • Lasted through the Enlightenment period • Contributed to the questioning of Royal and Religious Authority

27. Ptolemy • Greco-Roman citizen of Egypt • Geocentric Theory • Ideas were widely accepted by the Catholic Church • Scientific Revolution – disproved Ptolemy

28. Copernicus • Polish • Countered the teachings of the Church • Heliocentric Theory of the Universe

29. Ptolemy! Copernicus!

30. Galileo • Italian • Contradicted the teachings of the Church • Invented a more powerful Telescope • Proved the Heliocentric Theory of the Universe

32. Tycho Brahe • Danish Astronomer • Combined the Teachings of the Church with Science • Observed the Universe with the Naked Eye • Collected Data used by later Astronomers

33. The Tychonic Theory Brahe’s Observatory

34. Tycho Brahe Interesting Facts • Lost his Nose in a drunken duel w/ fellow Danish Noble • Had a replacement nose of Gold and Silver attached by paste

35. Tycho Brahe Interesting Facts • His father died of pneumonia after saving Frederick II of Denmark from drowning

36. Tycho Brahe Interesting Facts • He kept a “dwarf” named Jepp who he believed was clairvoyant • Jepp sat under the table during dinner • Had a pet Elk that died after drinking too much beer and falling down the stairs

37. Tycho Brahe Interesting Facts • For 100s of years it was believed he died from an exploded bladder at a dinner party • Recent studies show mercury poisoning

38. Johannes Kepler • German • He was Brahe’s apprentice – may have killed Brahe for his data • Used Brahe’s data to Mathematically prove the Heliocentric Theory

39. Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRT3m2Wzyh4&feature=related

40. Galen • Physician in Ancient Rome • His Medical knowledge was based on dissections of monkeys and pigs • Scientific Revolution – disproved Galen

41. Italian • Founder of Modern Human Anatomy • De HumaniCorporisFabricaLibriSeptem (On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books) • Disproved Galen Vesalius

42. A Page From Vesalius’ Book

43. English • Discovered how the Heart works and how it pumps blood through the Circulatory System • Disproved Galen William Harvey

44. Isaac Newton • English • Calculus • 3 Laws of Motion • Universal Gravitation

45. First Law of Motion "A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force."

46. 2nd Law of Motion "F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration."

47. 3rd Law of Motion "To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVdqxYyFRKY