Unit 8 World War I and Its Aftermath- Answers

1. Unit 8World War I and Its Aftermath- Answers Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

2. Goal 8: • Objective 8.01 Examine the reasons why the United States remained neutral at the beginning of World War I but later became involved. • Essential Questions: • • Why was the U. S. unable to maintain a policy of neutrality during World War I? • • What factors combined to draw the world and ultimately the US into World War I? • • Is it possible for a nation to remain neutral during a conflict in another part of the world?

3. The Beginnings of The Great War

4. The Roots of War: • 1914: World War I (WWI) began in Europe • At first the United States was not involved in the War • 3 Causes of World War I: • Nationalism Militarism Alliances

5. The Roots of War: • Nationalism: pride in your country or nationality • Countries were more worried about their own interests than all of Europe • Many ethnic groups within countries wanted to establish their independence • Militarism: process by which a nation builds up its military force for the purpose of intimidating other countries • Germany, France, Austria-Hungry, Russia, and Great Britain all practiced militarism • Alliances: agreements between nations to help each other in the event of war • Countries having each other’s back in a fight • Problem: a fight between two countries could end up involving many countries- they would all fall into war like dominos

6. The War Begins: • Austria-Hungry: country • Bosnia: owned by Austria-Hungry • Serbia: country- wanted to own Bosnia • Archduke Ferdinand, the next leader of Austria-Hungry, and his wife went on a visit to Bosnia’s capital, Sarajevo • Members of the Serbian nationalist group The Black Hand thought Serbia should own Bosnia • June 28, 1914 The Black Hand assassinated the Archduke and his pregnant wife on their visit to Bosnia

7. The War Begins: • Austria-Hungry accusedSerbia of being behind the murder • Austria-Hungry gave Serbia an ultimatum and threatened to go to war if Serbia didn’t allow them to fully investigate the assassination • Germany was allies with Austria-Hungry • Russiawas allies with Serbia • Germany told Austria-Hungry that if they went to war with Serbia Germany would have their back

8. The War Begins: • Serbia said no to the ultimatum • Why is it important? • Austria-Hungry declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 and World War I • All the alliances fell into place like dominos and divided Europe • Triple Entente: (Allies) • Great Britain • France • Russia • Central Powers: • Germany • Austria-Hungry

9. The U.S. Remains Neutral: • To begin, the U.S. did not get involved in WWI • President Wilson decaled the U.S. as neutral • Isolationism: belief that the U.S. should stay out of international conflicts • Most people did not see a war in Europe as any of our business • Wilson won the election of 1916 because he ran on a slogan of “He kept us out of war!”

10. The U.S. Remains Neutral: • Many activists began to speak out against war and support peace • Women became involved in the peace movement • Why is it important? • Jeanette Rankin became the first woman elected to Congress (House of Representatives) • She ran on an anti-war platform • She was the only member of Congress to vote against going to war in WWI and WWII

11. The U.S. Enters the War: • Eventually the U.S. couldn’t stay out of WWI • Most people in the U.S. supported the Allies • U.S. bankers had loaned Great Britain money so they wanted them to win the War so they could get paid • Great Britain cut the communication between Germany and the U.S.- all the images we saw of the War were from Great Britain and what they wanted us to see • People began to see the German leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and his forces as evil • People saw the Allies as defenders of freedom

12. The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram: • U-boats: German submarines • Germany warned all nations they would attack any ship entering or leaving British ports • President ignored the warning- he said a country at war did not have the right to attack neutral ships • The truth was that the U.S. was not really neutral • The U.S. had started to ship military supplies to Great Britain on cruise ships

13. The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram: • Why is it important? • Germany attacked a cruise ship called theLusitania • 1,200 people died (128 U.S. citizens) • People in the U.S. began to call for war • Germany agreed not to attack anymore passenger ships • 1917 Germany broke their word and started to attack ships again

14. The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram: • 1917: the U.S. intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram • Arthur Zimmerman from Germanysent a telegram to Mexicoand asked them to help Germany defeat the U.S. • Germany promised to help Mexico win back the land the U.S. had taken after the Mexican-American War • People in the U.S. were ANGRY!

15. The Lusitania and The Zimmerman Telegram: • Why is it important? • The U.S. could no longer stay neutral • President made an idealistic case for war • And said “the world must be safe for democracy” • He wanted to convince people to support the U.S. going to war by making it a fight between good and evil- betweendemocracy and tyranny • April 1917 the U.S. entered WWI

16. Goal 8: • Objective 8.02: Identify political and military turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome of the conflict. • Essential Questions: • • How were certain political and military events significant to the outcome of the war? • • To what extent did the military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World War I help to determine the outcome of the war? • • How did the United States’ entry into the war affect the nations already involved in the conflict?

17. U.S. Involvement in World War I: • WWI had new military technology • Machine Guns: mechanical guns that could fire lots of rounds of ammunition rapidly • Hand Grenades: Hand held explosives that could be thrown at the enemy • Mustard Gas: poisonous gas first used by the Germans • Why is it important? • Both sides had trouble adjusting to the new weapons • Both sides ended up in a stalemate- neither side had an advantage

18. U.S. Involvement in World War I: • Both armies used Trench Warfare • Trenches were long ditches where soldiers could take cover while they fought the enemy • Both sides had to live for long periods of time in trenches because it was not safe for either said to leave the trenches and attack • Trenches were wet, dirty, infested with rats and bugs, hot and/or cold • The area between the trenches was called No Man’s Land- covered in barbed wire andland mines- hidden explosives beneath the dirt • No soldier could cross it without likely being wounded or killed

19. The Doughboys Arrive: • General John J. Pershing was the commander of the U.S. forces in WWI • The U.S. was not prepared to send a large number of soldiers to war in 1917 • Congress passed the Selective Service Act to authorize a draft of men for military service • Over 3 million men were drafted, trained and prepared to go to war in only a few months • American Expeditiary Force (AEF)-draftees, National Guardsmen, and volunteers trained and prepared to go to war • The American soldiers were nicknamedDoughboys

20. African Americans in the War: • More than 300,000 African Americans were drafted and volunteered to serve in WWI • They were segregated from white soldiers so most never saw combat • Harlem Hell Fighters: African American soldiers who convinced their white commanders to loan their services to the French to be used in combat • The whole regiment received France’s highest combat medal for bravery and distinguished service during WWI

21. Turning Points in the War

22. Russia Pulls Out of WWI: • By 1917 Russia had lost over 2 million soldiers in WWI • The nation was using all their resources for WWI and leaving the people to starve • March 1917: Russian Revolution: Czar Nicholas II was forced out of power and a new republic was established • By November 1917 Communists Bolsheviks took over the country led by Vladimir Lenin • Communism: government where there is no class system and property is owned by the government allowing everyone to be equal- never worked out that way in Russia

23. Russia Pulls Out of WWI: • Russian Bolsheviks made a peace agreement with Germany and stopped fighting in WWI • Why is it important? • Germany no longer had to fight on two fronts • They could now focus all their attention and resources on their Western Front • When Russia left the War the U.S. was motivatedto help the Allies

24. U.S. Troops Help Save Paris and Turn the Tide of War: • Now that Germany could focus all their attention on the West the German forces headed for Paris, France • Before Germans could take Paris American soldiers were able to fight them off and save Paris • Tank: armed ironclad vehicle • Allies used tanks to push through German lines • The Germans realized they couldn’t win and the war ended • November 11, 1918 both sides signed an armistice- an agreement to stop fighting

25. After the War: • After WWI leaders of the nations met for a peace conference • The conference was dominated by the Big Four: Britain, France, Italy, and the United States • President Wilson did not want to punish Germany or gain new territory for the U.S. • Wilson’s goal was to establish peace and stabilityin Europe

26. After the War: • At the conference Wilson made a peace proposal called the Fourteen Points • He called for a reduction in weapons and the right of self-determination for ethnic groups (power to govern yourself) • He proposed a League of Nationsto provide a place where countries could talk about their problems to avoid war • Wilson believed the only lasting peace was a peace that united nations • Wilson called for a peace without victory- he believed having a winner and a loser led to resentment and conflict- he believed peace should be among equals

27. After the War: • Many countries supported Wilson’s ideas and joined the League of Nations • Why is it important? • The U.S. did not join the League of Nations • Isolationism grew strong after WWI • The U.S. senate would not approve membership into the League • Henry Cabot Lodge was a leader of opposition to the League • He feared commitment to an international organization like the League would lead to alliances that could bring the U.S. into another war

28. Treaty of Versailles: • Wilson wanted peace and stability, but other nations in Europe wanted retribution and revengefor WWI • 20 million Europeans died in WWI • June 1919 the Allies forced Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles • The Treaty of Versailles made Germany take total responsibility for WWI • Germany had to: pay reparations (money for the cost of war), surrender some land to France, and take apart its army

29. Treaty of Versailles: • Why is it important? • The Treaty of Versailles led to an economic depressionin Germany • Germans were angry over the terms of the Treaty of Versailles • Wilson was right when he said having winners and losers makes the loser angry • The resentment by the German people opened the door for a young charismatic leader to rise to power and ultimately led Europe into WWII- his name was Adolf Hitler

30. Goal 8: • Objective 8.03 Assess the political, economic, social and cultural effects of the war on the United States and other nations. • Essential Questions: • • How did the war impact America’s social, economic, political, and cultural institutions? • • To what extent did World War I change US society and affect other nations? • • How did the industrial and technological advancements in this era impact America and the rest of the global community? • • How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict?

31. Consequences of the War in the U.S.

32. Government Increases Its Role: • WWI had a big impact on life in the U.S. • The War meant an increased role for government in the U.S. • President Wilson helped establish the War Industries Board- led by Bernard Baruch- placed controls on the nation’s industrial resources, worked to obtain supplies for the U.S. military and its allies • President Wilson helped establish the Committee on Public Information (CPI)led by George Creel- meant to encourage public support for the war effort- used propaganda to show Germans as evil and it was the nations dutyto fight and defeat them

33. Government Increases Its Role: • President Wilson appointed Herbert Hoover to head the Food Administration- meant to encourage Americans to conserve food that could be used for the soldiers in WWI • People began to grow Victory Gardens to grow their own vegetables so the nations could help the soldiers • People began to have “meatless Mondays” so meat could be sent to soldiers in WWI • The Government encouraged people to conserve fuel • Led to daylight savings time to turn clocks ahead one hour during certain months to have more daylight and conserve fuel

34. Government Increases Its Role: • At this time the federal government passed lawsthat limited American civil liberties (freedoms) • To protect national security Congress passed the Espionage and Sedition Acts- made it illegal to interfere with the draft, obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds, or make statements considered disloyal to or about the government, the Constitution, or the U.S. military • Eugene Debs criticized the government and was sentenced to 10 years in prison under these laws, a few years before that he had been a candidate for president

35. Fear Grips the Nation

36. The Red Scare: • At first Americans were happy about the Russian Revolution- they liked that a monarch was overthrown by a republic • After the Bolsheviks took over and established communism Americansfeareda similar revolution might happen in the U.S. • Communism: political and economic belief in which the government owns all property and individual rights of people are over looked by the needs of the government

37. The Red Scare: • The Bolsheviks were nicknamed the Reds • Fear of Communism was known as the Red Scare • After attempted assassinations of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and John D. Rockefeller people suspected communists • Palmer started the Palmer Raids to arrest and jail suspected communists and other “subversives”- many arrested were immigrants with no criminal past and no ties to communism- they were jailed without due process

38. The Red Scare: • Why is it important? • Over 500 immigrants were deported back to their countries of birth because of the palmer Raids • This led to one of the most controversial trials in U.S. history • 1920 two immigrants were accused of murder in Massachusetts although the evidence was questionable • Nicola Sacco andBartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted and executed in 1927 • Many people thought they wereinnocentand were executed because of their political beliefs

39. Growth of the Ku Klux Klan and the Decline of Unions: • Membership in theKKKincreased as fear of communism and mistrust of immigrants increased • By the 1920’s the KKK was discriminatingagainst not only black people, but Jews, Catholics, and immigrants too • The KKK burned crosses outside people’s homes, sent hate letters, and put pressure on employers to fire certain workers • KKK also used lynching and other forms of violence to persecute people

40. Growth of the Ku Klux Klan and the Decline of Unions: • Fear of Communism led people to question unions- they thought unions supported communism because they fought for equalityfor workers • During WWI the United Mine Workers had an agreement with the government to suspend all strikes • When the armistice was signed in 1918 and WWI ended their leader John L. Lewis believed it was legal for the workers to strike • The government went to court and forced the workers to end their strike • Eugene Debs with the Industrial Workers of the World supported communism • Over time more and more people began to associate unions with communism and unions lost much of their influence

41. The Supreme Court Backs Anti-Communism: • 1919 Charles Schenck was arrested for encouraging people drafted tonotreport for military service • Schenck said it was as if the government were sentencing innocent people to go to war • Schenck was arrested • Schenck said the arrest violated his 1st Amendment right to Free Speech • Why is it important? • In Schenck v. U.S. the Supreme Court ruled the government could silence free speech when it posed a clear and present danger- You cannot yell fire in a crowded theater- Schenck lost

42. Dawes and the Washington Naval Conference: • Economic stability was necessary if peace was to be maintained in Europe after WWI • The punishments placed on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles had a negative impact on their economy • This made stability difficult • A U.S. banker, Charles Dawes, came up with an idea to help stabilize the German economy • Dawes Plan: U.S. and Allies bankers loaned Germany money to help support Germany’s economy and industrial recovery • Problem: Germany didn’t pay back the loan • Why is it important? • Europe and the United States crashed into an economic depression

43. Dawes and the Washington Naval Conference: • After WWI the United States, Great Britain and Japan had the most powerful navies • To avoid another arms race like the militarism before WWI, the U.S. invited Japan, Great Britain and other nations to Washington, D.C. to the Washington Naval Conference: all countries involved agreed to measures designed to prevent one navy from becoming too powerful or threatening • It was believed that a balance of naval power would deterany country from aggression • The agreement eventually hurt the U.S. in the Pacific when Japan later tried to expand (WWII)

44. WWI’s Impact on the United States Constitution: • After WWI the nation ratified two new amendments to the Constitution • 18th Amendment: outlawed alcohol • Why? • The nation needed to conserve fruit and grains need to produce alcohol • Drinking some drinks was seen as Un-American because beer as seen as German and vodka was seen as Russian

45. WWI’s Impact on the United States Constitution: • 19th Amendment: gave all female citizens the right to vote in 1920 • Why? • Women played an important role in WWI • Worked jobs while the men were away • Helped to keep the nation strong while the men fought in WWI • Women were finally seen by many, not all, as deserving the right to vote

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