Industrialization & Imperialism

Industrialization & Imperialism Industrialization began in Europe (England) changing the production of products from hand-made to machine made. As industrialization spread throughout Europe the need for natural resources grew. Europeans looked to Africa and Asia as sources for raw materials and as markets for their new industrial products. Spinning Jenny

Industrialization & Imperialism Agricultural Revolution • Wealthy landowners bought & fenced additional lands • Extended areas, known as enclosures • Allowed cultivation of larger fields, higher yields • Used advanced farming equipment • Used crop rotation, improved crop production As food supplies & living conditions increased, the populations grew and fewer farmers were needed to produce the food supply. The displaced farm workers often became the factory workers for the newly industrialized nations.

Industrialization & Imperialism Industrialization ~ began in England ~ water power & coal to power industrial machinery ~ iron ore was plentiful ~ many rivers for inland transportation ~ harbors for shipments of products ~ economic stability in England ~ factors of production were present - land - labor - capital

Industrialization & Imperialism Advances in Technology Industrialization began in the textileindustry spurring many new inventions John Kay – flying shuttle, mechanized weaving machine James Hargreaves – spinning jenny, 8 thread spinning machine Richard Arkwright – water frame, water power to drive machines Samuel Crompton – spinning mule, made stronger thread Edmund Cartwright – power loom for weaving cloth

Industrialization & Imperialism Other inventions Jethro Tull – seed drill to improve planting Cyrus McCormick – reaper Samuel F. B. Morse – telegraph, Morse code Eli Whitney – cotton gin I. M. Singer – sewing machine

Industrialization & Imperialism Transportation Improvements James Watt – made the steam engine more efficient Robert Fulton – steamboat John McAdams – “macadam” road system The steam engine, steamboat, improved roads and railroads brought rapid and unsettling changes to people’s lives.

Industrialization & Imperialism Key Terms Entrepreneur – one who organizes, manages, and takes the financial risks of business Urbanization – rapid growth of cities Laissez faire – business operation without government interference Capitalism – money is invested in business to make a profit

Industrialization & Imperialism Luddites – led by mythical, Ned Ludd, displaced workers destroyed weaving machines to protest loss of jobs. *Over 1,000 machines were destroyed in 1811. *Soldiers were called out to protect the machines.

Industrialization & Imperialism • 14 Luddites were hanged by 1813. Others were transported to Australia, and others were fined. • Destruction continued until 1817, when the ringleader was executed by the government.

Industrialization & Imperialism Key Terms Utilitarianism – ideas, institutions, and actions should be judged on their usefulness Socialism – factors of production are owned by the public (government) and operated for the welfare of all Collective Bargaining – negotiations between workers and employers Strike – refusal to work

Industrialization & Imperialism Key People Adam Smith – supported free market economy. He believed economic liberty guaranteed economic success. He wrote Wealth of Nations, and supported a laissez faire policy. Karl Marx – developed the idea of Marxist socialism. He wrote Communist Manifesto, and said that human societies are at war between the haves and have nots. He supported a communist state with no private ownership and equality among all classes of people. Jeremy Bentham – introduced and supported the idea of utilitarianism

English Labor Union Reforms

Industrialization & Imperialism Reform Movements Union Reforms * Organization of workers within a particular trade was/is known as a union. * Skilled workers were the first to form unions. *Specialized skills gave workers extra bargaining power because they were hard to replace * Unions often called strikes to stop production * Unions worked to raise wages and improve working conditions * Government in England saw unions as a threat to social order and stability .

Industrialization & Imperialism Reform Laws Governments in Britain and the U. S. passed laws to help reform abuses in their nation’s industry. 1832 – Britain’s child labor protection laws passed. 1833 – Britain - The Factory Act made it illegal to hire children under age 9 (other reforms were included) 1847 – Britain - The Ten Hours Act was passed. It limited the work day for women and children. 1904 - U. S. – Child Labor Law, ended child labor and set maximum working hours.

Industrialization & Imperialism Abolition of Slavery 1807 – Britain – passed a law to end slave trade in the British West Indies. 1833 – Britain abolished slavery in the British Empire. 1865 – The United States, at the end of the Civil War, abolished slavery, although slavery continued in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil.

Industrialization & Imperialism Women’s Rights *Women’s trade unions formed *Jane Addams – led a reform movement for the poor by establishing settlement houses *1848 – Women’s Rights Movement pushed for equality for women. Education Reform * In the United States, Horace Mann supported free public education for all children.

Industrialization & Imperialism • AGE OF IMPERIALISM What drove Imperialism? The spread of industrialization through out Europe drove the European nations to seek additional natural resources. European nations began to compete for lands rich in natural resources.

Industrialization & Imperialism • Africa Before Imperialism • Divided into hundreds of ethnic & linguistic groups • Mostly followed traditional beliefs • Some converts to Islam and Christianity • Spoke 1,000 different languages • Ranged from large empires to small villages • Africans kept Europeans out of the interior for over 400 years • Well developed trade network among Africans

Industrialization & Imperialism Imperialism – Example, Belgium Congo, like other regions in Africa was claimed for its natural resources. FYI – Scottish minister, David Livingstone, searched for the source of the Nile River. There was no word from him for several years. An American newspaper hired Henry Stanley to find Livingstone. Livingstone was found by Stanley in 1871, near the source of the Nile. In 1879, Stanley returned to sign treaties with local chiefs giving King Leopold of Belgium personal control over the lands of the Congo. Like Belgium, other European nations rushed to Africa to claim land.

Industrialization & Imperialism Claimed the Congo as his own personal property. Caused the death of up to 20 million Congolese. Used the resources for personal gain. • King Leopold II Political Cartoon showing Belgium’s control of the Congo.

Industrialization & Imperialism The Belgium Congo Requirement of the hand. Leopold’s riches.

Africa After Imperialism

Industrialization & Imperialism The Berlin Conference Fear of conflict because of overlapping land claims caused Europeans to look at ways to avoid war. The Berlin Conference. * 14 European nations met in Berlin, Germany * established rules for the division of Africa * nations could claim land by notifying other European nations of the area claimed * divided with little thought to the African people * arbitrary divisions of ethnic and linguistic groups

Industrialization & Imperialism Battle for South Africa Three groups clashed over control of South Africa for about 100 years. - Zulu occupied South Africa - formed a strong empire - were unable to defeat the British (superior weapons) • Boers - Dutch farmers who settled S. Africa in the 1650’s - took over African land to establish farms - when the British took over Cape Colony, the British and the Dutch went to war

Industrialization and Imperialism FYI – To escape the British, thousands of Boers moved north (Great Trek) finding themselves in conflict with Zulu and other tribes whose land they were taking. Boer War • Diamonds and gold were discovered in S. Africa • Boers tried to keep others from gaining political control • Took up arms against the British • Britain won, took control of S. Africa

Industrialization & Imperialism Types of Colonial Control and Key Terms European nations used various means to control the African lands they claimed Indirect Control– local government officials were used - limited self rule - desired to develop future leaders - gov’t institutions, European style, with some local control Direct Control- ruled by foreign officials - no self rule - goal: assimilation - institutions based only on European models

Industrialization & Imperialism Key Terms Colony – governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate – country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of Influence – area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges Economic Imperialism – independent but control exercised by business interests rather than governments

Industrialization & Imperialism FYI – Africa Resists Imperialism • Ethiopia was the only nation to successfully resist imperialism during the period • Menelik II, Ethiopian leader, played Italians, French and British against each other all wanting his nation under their “sphere of influence” • Bought & stock piled weapons from France & Russia • Menelik declared war on the advancing Italians and defeated them! • Liberia, too was able to resist imperialism for a period of time.

Industrialization & Imperialism British Imperialism What does the cartoon indicate?

Industrialization & Imperialism British Colonization in India • Britain developed interest in India in the early 1600’s. • 1757 Britain defeated Indian forces taking control of a large area including Bangladesh. • Before the 19th century the East India Co. (British) ruled most of India with little interference from the British government. • East India Co. had its own army commanded by British officers, staffed by sepoys. (Indian soldiers) • India was referred to as the “brightest jewel in the crown”.

Sepoy Rebellion • Indian Mutiny against Britain

Industrialization and Imperialism British Control India • India became economically valuable after Britain built a railroad system to transport raw materials and plantation crops. • India both benefited from and was oppressed by the British. • + built world’s 3rd largest rail system • + roads, telephone, telegraph, dams, improved health and education, hospitals, schools, and colleges • - British held economic and political power in India • - Restricted Indian owned industry • - Cash cropping caused loss of self-sufficiency • - Reduced food production • - Government/political control of religion & social customs

Industrialization and Imperialism Indian Rebellion • By 1850, Britain controlled most of the Indian subcontinent. • Indians felt Christianity forced upon them • Resented racism expressed toward them • As economic problems increased so did resentment • 1857, rumors spread that the cartridges issued by the British were sealed with pork and beef fat. • Offensive to both Hindus and Muslims • Some sepoys refused to take the ammunition and were jailed • Other sepoys rebelled against the British because of the jailing • Sepoy mutiny lasted more than a year • Britain won, taking direct control of India

Industrialization and Imperialism Indian Nationalist Movement • Early 1800’s Indians began demanding a voice in government • Calls for modernization of the country • Indians resented being 2nd class citizens in their own land • Nationalists groups formed • Indian National Congress, 1855 • Muslim League, 1906 • By early 1900’s, Indians called for self government • Gandhi emerged as the leader of the independence movement • Gandhi led India in a non-violent resistance • Finally in 1947, India was granted independence from Britain British Racism In India

Industrialization & Imperialism