Social Changes in the US 1800-1850

1. Social Changes in the US1800-1850 HUSH Unit 4

2. Second Great Awakening • Second Great Awakening continued- rejection of Puritan beliefs and more emphasis on the idea that God allowed people to make own decisions. • Charles Grandison Finney- NY Presbyterian minister/lawyer- “common sense” religion • Lyman Beecher- revivalist- reformist- abolitionist- • father of Harriet Beecher Stowe

3. The Transcendentalists- • The Transcendentalists- “to rise above”- humans are naturally good- moral lives can make society better- good works can defeat evil • Ralph Waldo Emerson- leader of movement- Unitarian pastor • Character is higher than intellect... A great soul will be strong to live, as well as to think. • Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. • Live in the sunshine, swim the sea, drink the wild air…

4. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • “Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.” • “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the soul,to create an original relationshipwith the Universe.

5. Henry David Thoreau- • Henry David Thoreau- student of Emerson- author, poet, philosopher, and abolitionist best known for Walden or Life in the Woods and 18 essays about his life in the wilderness of Concord MA. Also known for Civil Disobedience, an essay recalling his revolt against paying taxes for the Mexican War.

6. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/WritersConcord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature(1832) Resistance to Civil Disobedience(1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Walden(1854) “The American Scholar” (1837) R3-1/3/4/5

7. Thoreau Quotations • Go confidently in the direction of your dreams! Live the life you've imagined. As you simplify your life, the laws of the universe will be simpler. • Do not be too moral. You may cheat yourself out of much life. Aim above morality. Be not simply good; be good for something. • If you would convince a man that he does wrong, do right. Men will believe what they see. • Men are born to succeed, not fail. • I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestioned ability of a man to elevate his life by conscious endeavor.

8. Public Education- • Public education was better in the North than South and middle states • Reformers wanted working class children educated by tax-supported public schools • Differentiated grade levels became widespread • Free public schools became norm in North

9. Horace Mann(1796-1859) “Father of American Education” • children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials • children should be “molded” into a state of perfection • discouraged corporal punishment • established state teacher- training programs R3-6

10. Prison Reform- • Dorothea Dix • Reformer • wanted prisons cleaned up and regulated • Homes for mentally ill established in north

11. Utopian Communities- • Utopia is a pun meaning both "good place" and "no place.“ • Based on book by the British author- Sir Thomas More. • 19th century utopian communities tried to change the way man lived and create a perfect society

13. The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848 • Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. • Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. • all residents married to each other. • carefully regulated “free love.” John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

14. New Harmony, Indiana • Robert Owen established a communistic colony in New Harmony, IN that gained prominence as a cultural and scientific center and attracted many noted scientists, educators, and writers. • Dissension arose, and in 1828 the community ceased to exist as a distinct enterprise, although the town remained an intellectual center.

15. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN The Actual New Harmony in 1832

16. Brook Farm • An experimental farm at West Roxbury, Mass., based on cooperative living. • The members of Brook Farm believed that they could create a utopian microcosm of society that would eventually serve as a model for and inaugurate the social macrocosm. • Physical labor was perceived as a condition of mental well-being and health. • They believed that manual labor was uplifting, and thus, every member, even the writers and poets, spent at least a few hours a day in physical effort.

17. The Shakers • The name Shakers comes from “Shaking Quakers” was originally applied as a mocking description of their rituals of trembling, shouting, dancing, shaking, singing • The Shakers established several communities in the US • The first in 1776 at Nikayuna near Albany, NY • The governing principals of the Shaker life included celibacy and agrarian communal living

18. The Shakers

19. Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

20. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

21. The Utopian Communities Clash! IndividualFreedom Demands ofCommunity Life • spontaneity • self-fulfillment • discipline • organizationalhierarchy

22. The Temperance Movement • The Temperance Movement- the campaign to rid the US of “demon rum” • Drunken lives wasted- lives of families impacted- Reformers theorized that all could be changed if alcohol was made illegal • ME-passed law- reformers had an impact in educating public of dangers

23. The Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance SocietyFought against“Demon Rum”! Frances Willard The Beecher Family R1-6

24. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

25. The Drunkard’s Progress From the first glass to the grave, 1846

26. Temperance in song and print By the late 1820s, temperance groups were holding public meetings and distributing prohibition pamphlets and songs.

27. Opposition to temperance I Saloon owners, liquor distributors, and other organizations that opposed the temperance movement, published their own songs suggesting that the “prudes” also enjoyed a drink from time to time.

28. Abolitionist Movements • Anti-slavery groups became mush more organized and committed in the 1830’s-1840’s. • Founders of Abolitionist movements- Mennonites, Quakers, free blacks, northerners, women

29. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

30. Liberia • African homeland established in western Africa for freed African-Americans • Set up by African Colonization Society • Not popular among most blacks • Only 140,000 emigrated from US

31. William Lloyd Garrison • Famous Boston abolitionist and publisher of The Liberator • Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue • Slavery undermined values. • Wanted • Immediate emancipation • Helped get attention started a movement ofradical abolitionists

32. The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

33. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

34. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) • Former slave who escaped Maryland and became famous writer and speaker • Publisher of the North Star- an abolitionist newspaper- • Became advisor to President Lincoln later in life R2-12

35. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)or Isabella Baumfree • Became religious reformer who took on the cause of both women rights and abolition 1850 --> The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

36. The Underground Railroad • A network of escape routes from the South to the North/Canada- secret stops along the way made for a safe route to freedom. • Harriet Tubman led more than 300 slaves to freedom and earned the name “Moses”

37. The Underground Railroad • “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape • “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves • “Tracks” ==== routes • “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves • “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

38. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) • Tubman suffered from seizures and blackouts due to a childhood injury that a slave-owner had inflicted on her- • “Let my people go” • “I never lost a passenger” “Moses” • $40,000 bounty on her head. • Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

39. Resistance to Abolition • North- Merchants opposed due to the idea it would harm business and cause competition for jobs • Whites did not want blacks in neighborhoods…  • South- believed that the south should be able to decide for itself- no federal rules on what they believed was a states rights issue • Anger and fear at the Nat Turner rebellion; • Powerful Southern leaders invoked the gag rule in Congress which made it illegal to even speak or read abolitionist literature in Congress

40. Even Churches Split over Slavery • American churches divided over the slavery issue • The Methodist and Baptist churches split into two sides creating 2 churches in many towns • Created Southern Baptists (Pro-slavery) • Created Methodist Episcopal Church (Abolitionists) • The South generally did not change in any large form by any reform movements • The Northern abolitionists had to wait to Civil War for changes to happen

41. The Lack of Women’s Rights • Unable to vote. • Legal status of a minor. • Single  could own her own property. • Married  no control over herproperty or her children. • Could not initiate divorce. • Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

42. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

43. “Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” • A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside). • Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily. • An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

44. Slow Progress for Women • Urbanization and industrialization changed the lives of women • Many working class women worked outside the home in factories • Catherine Beecher- daughter of abolitionist Lyman Beecher became an advocate for women’s rights • established a school for women interested in pursuing an education

45. Tactics Used for Equal Rights • The reformists usedboycotts, lectures, demonstrations • Women reformers became involved in abolitionist movement because of the many parallels between the two groups • 1840- The first “World Anti-slavery Convention” was held in London • Women were not allowed to attend. • This caused the birth of a powerful group of women who set out to change things

46. Important Women Reformers • Sojourner Truth became powerful speaker for movements as well as Catherine Beecher, her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Tubman • Lucretia Mott- Quaker minister who housed runaway slaves • Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Lawyer who fought for women’s rights and abolition

47. R2-6/7 Women’s Rights 1840 --> split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. London -->World Anti-Slavery Convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott 1848 --> Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

48. The Seneca Falls Convention • In Seneca Falls NY in 1848, a group of reformers met an presented a Declaration of Sentiments based on Declaration of Independence • 12 Resolutions including suffrage for women • Most Americans still believed a women’s place was in the home • Congress did not take the Seneca Falls Resolutions seriously • However, it was step in the right direction

49. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness… Declaration of Sentiments

50. Women’s Rights Take a Back Seat…For Now • After Seneca Falls, society became a bit more accepting of some rights for women • Girls began to be educated • Colleges accepted women • But men and women reformers put the issue of slavery on the front burner • Women’s rights had to wait until after the Civil War and late 19th century-early 20th