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Truman, Ike, and the Cold War in the 1950s

Truman, Ike, and the Cold War in the 1950s. Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School @ PagsAPUSH. Truman & Containment. The Truman Doctrine, Kennan, Marshall Plan, NATO, The Berlin Airlift. Containment. Foreign policy – contain/block Soviet expansion Announced w/ Truman Doctrine 1947

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Truman, Ike, and the Cold War in the 1950s

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  1. Truman, Ike, and the Cold War in the 1950s Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School @PagsAPUSH

  2. Truman & Containment The Truman Doctrine, Kennan, Marshall Plan, NATO, The Berlin Airlift

  3. Containment • Foreign policy – contain/block Soviet expansion • Announced w/ Truman Doctrine 1947 • Maintained until 1989, fall of Berlin Wall

  4. George Kennan Post-Soviet/Iran Crisis 1946 Long Telegram: “Soviet power, unlike that of Hitlerite Germany, is neither schematic nor adventuristic. It does not work by fixed plans. It does not take unnecessary risks. Impervious to logic of reason, and it is highly sensitive to logic of force. For this reason it can easily withdraw--and usually does when strong resistance is encountered at any point.”

  5. Kennan’s Views • US Diplomat in Moscow stated Soviets: • saw themselves at war with capitalism • could control world’s Marxists as allies • aggression was not aligned w/ will of Russian • government's structure prevented objective view of reality • US must use economic, political, military containment

  6. Truman Doctrine • Issued during Greek Civil War, 1947 • Block expansion of Soviet influence • Sent $400 million aid to Greece & Turkey • Declared “economic containment” • Avoid Domino Effect in region • Support for “free peoples resisting subjugation…by outside pressures”

  7. Marshall Plan • Sec. of State, Gen. George C. Marshall • Economic Recovery Program • $12 billion in aid; 16 nations in W. Europe • Recovery from war • Resist Soviet influence • Rejected by Eastern Bloc (Soviet influenced) • By 1952 – Much success

  8. Marshall Plan “Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger poverty, desperation and chaos…Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery ill find full cooperation…on the part of the U.S. government.” – Truman, justifying the Marshall Plan

  9. Point Four Program • 1949 plan for international economic improvement • Jr. Marshall Plan • $400 million to underdeveloped nations • Asia, Latin America, Africa • Develop: industry, communications, technological systems • Run by Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA)

  10. NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Established 1949; 11 Western Nations • Defensive military alliance • Aid if outside attack on any member • Break from isolationism • Soviet Union reacted w/ Warsaw Pact in 1955

  11. Europe during Cold War

  12. Berlin Airlift • USSR cut off Western access to Berlin • Located in Soviet zone of Germany • Soviets set up separate currency • Wouldn’t allow fuel, water, from west • Truman ordered airlift to West Berlin • Food • Fuel • Supplies • Successful aid in containment policy Sectors of Berlin

  13. “The Miracle of ‘48” Airlift Newsreel

  14. The Cold War in Asia China, Korea, and entrance to Vietnam

  15. The “Fall” of China • Mao Zedong; Chinese Communists est. People’s Republic of China – 10/1/49 • End of Chinese Nationalist Republic • US wouldn’t recognize Beijing • Added to US anti-communist hysteria

  16. The US and Korea • North Korea invaded South Korea, June 25, 1950 • UN Security Council condemned it • USSR absent from Council hearing • Truman pushed for American involvement • First collective UN military action Division of Korea, post-WWII

  17. The War June-Sep. 1950 – North Korean forces push So. Korean to SE corner of peninsula Sep. 1950-Nov. 1950 – UN Forces under MacArthur push deep into No. Korea Nov. 1950 – Chinese forces w/ Soviet supplies push back UN forces

  18. Limited War • Extended containment policy • Blame: Democrats “lost” China • Truman determined So. Korean defense • MacArthur disagreed w/ Truman’s limited War • Favored invasion/blockade of China • Truman fired MacArthur

  19. 38th Parallel/DMZ • Forced back to 38th parallel • 18 month cease fire • July 1953 – armistice – • Reestablished DMZ @ 38th par. • 33,000 Americans died • 110,000 wounded • Cost $50 billion • First US conflict w/ desegregated military (est. by Executive Order 9981, July 26, 1948)

  20. Images of Korean Conflict (UN Police Action)

  21. The DMZ Today “Let’s pass the unified country to the next generation” No. Korea

  22. Containment: Vietnam • Causes of US involvement in Vietnam: • WWII commitments • Containment/Truman Doctrine • Fear of Domino Effect • French Withdrawal • Ho Chi Minh & the Viet Minh defeated French, 1954 • US refused Geneva Accords (1954) to unify Korea & Vietnam • Americans moved into Indochina • Operation Passage to Freedom

  23. The Domino Effect If 1 nation became communist, neighbors would Sec. of State, Dean Rusk: “If Indo-China were to fall and if its fall led to the loss of all SE Asia, then the US might be forced back to Hawaii, as it was before the 2nd World War”

  24. Cold War Events during the Eisenhower Administration Ike, Sputnik, and Diplomatic Crises

  25. America likes “Ike” 1952 – Won 442-89 1956 – Won 457-73

  26. Sputnik • USSR launched Sputnik, 1957 – 1st satellite • Stunned US • Sputnik II launched 1 month later – carried Laika • Eisenhower established: • National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) • Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) • Education Issue: National Defense Education Act • Expanded funding for: math, foreign language, science

  27. Diplomatic Crises Egypt seized Suez Canal (1956) Castro gained control of Cuba (1959) USSR shot down American U2 spy plane (1960)

  28. Social Issues during the 50s Mccarthyism, Civil Rights

  29. McCarthyism • Making public accusations w/o sufficient evidence • Sen. Joseph McCarthy • Alleged Communists in US State Dept. • “Loyalty Risks” • Contributing factors: American fear based on… • “fall” of China • USSR’s atomic bomb (1949) • Soviet spy cases • Alger Hiss (State Dept.) • Rosenbergs (Atomic bomb)

  30. McCarthy Tactics • Attack “communists” and sympathizers • Accusations created paranoia • Witch hunt • Loyalty oaths & investigations -HUAC • Hollywood blacklist

  31. Army/McCarthy Hearings • 1954-Accused Army of communist infilitration • Televised • Americans disapproved of tactics • Senate condemned actions

  32. Brown v. Board of Ed. Topeka, 1954 • Supreme court ruled against school segregation • “Separate but equal” (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) unconstitutional • Separate but equal ISN’T equal • Results: NAACP based cases 14th amendment • Provided for equal protection REQUIRED LIMITED UNREGULATED FORBIDDEN

  33. Little Rock (AK) Central HS • Ike sent 101 Airborne to escort “Little Rock 9” – ‘57 • Governor had Nat’l Guard block • Civil Rights Act – 1957 • Est. Civil Rights Commission; gathered info on discrimination Little Rock 9 reflection

  34. Montgomery Bus Boycott – 1955-56 • Rosa Parks – 12/1/1955 • MLK Jr. organized • Led to Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - 1957 • Refuse to ride the busses until segregation policies changed • Fed. District court desegregated 6/4/56 • Supreme Court upheld 11/13/56 Boycott in MLK’s words Passive Resistance

  35. The Sit-In Movement • Greensboro, NC – Feb-July 1960 • Woolworth Lunch Counter • NC A&T students (Greensboro Four) protested segregation in public facitilies • Led to protests in Winston-Salem, Durham, Raleigh, and Charlotte • Ike said he was…”deeply sympathetic with efforts of any group to enjoy the rights…of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution” • Civil Disobedience • “Freedom Rides” 1961 – Sponsored by  Congress of Racial Equality (CORE),  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

  36. Prosperity & Change Baby Boom, Affluent Society, Women’s roles revert, Interstates & Suburbs

  37. Affluent Society • 1945-1955 marked by: • Unprecedented prosperity • Baby boom • Suburbanization Facts about this decade---Population: 151,684,000 (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census)*Unemployed:  3,288,000 (.02%) Life expectancy:   Women71.1,  men  65.6Car Sales:  6,665,800Average Salary:  $2,992Labor Force male/female: 5/2Cost of a loaf of bread:  $0.14Bomb shelter plans, like the government pamphlet You Can Survive, become widely available While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television set in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962.

  38. The Baby Boom 1946-1964 Children born/1000 US residents

  39. Women & the Workplace • Post WWII – Most women left industry • Housewife became new “ideal” • Evidenced in The Honeymooners, Father Knows Best, I Love Lucy, Ozzie & Harriett, Leave it to Beaver

  40. Interstates & Suburbs • Federal Highway Act – 1956 • Created interstate system • People moved away from work/cities • Suburbs grew rapidly

  41. Culture in the 1950s Social Critics & Cultural Rebels

  42. Social Critics • Criticized American postwar conformity • William H. Whyte – The Organization Man • Sloan Wilson – The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit • John Kenneth Galbraith – The Affluent Society • Criticized TV – “vast wasteland”

  43. Non-Conformists • The Beats rejected • Middle class America • Suburban conformity • Frank writing on non-traditional sex, drug use, interracial relationships • Jack Kerouac • On the Road • Discussed alienation • Disilusionment w/ mainstream America • Allen Ginsberg – Howl (1956) • William S. Burroughs -Naked Lunch (1959) Similar to Lost Generation

  44. Cultural Rebels • Rock & Roll – emerged from African-American musical styles • Abstract Expressionism • Jackson Pollock • Art expressed state of mind • Movie Stars – “youth rebellion” • James Dean/Marlon Brando

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