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The 1950s: The Cold War Heats Up

The 1950s: The Cold War Heats Up. Defensive Alliances. N.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization Three purposes:

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The 1950s: The Cold War Heats Up

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  1. The 1950s:The Cold War Heats Up

  2. Defensive Alliances N.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization Three purposes: deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the revival of nationalist militarism in Europe through a strong North American presence on the continent, and encouraging European political integration. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949. In the Treaty’s renowned Article 5, the new Allies agreed “an armed attack against one or more of them… shall be considered an attack against them all” and that following such an attack, each Ally would take “such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force” in response. http://www.nato.int/history/nato-history.html

  3. Defensive Alliances N.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO.int Dean Acheson

  4. Defensive Alliances Warsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955 Why? West Germany joined NATO on May 5, 1955, the Soviet Union declared that West Germany's membership in the Western alliance created a special threat to Soviet interests. The Soviet Union also declared that this development made its existing network of bilateral treaties an inadequate security guarantee and forced the East European socialist countries to "combine efforts in a strong political and military alliance."

  5. Defensive Alliances Warsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955 Purpose The formation of a legally defined, multilateral alliance organization also reinforced the Soviet Union's claim to power status as the leader of the world socialist system, enhanced its prestige, and legitimized its presence and influence in Eastern Europe. http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WarPact.html

  6. Defensive Alliances NATO and Warsaw Pact Nations 1-33rdar.org

  7. Vietnam War French Phase (1946-1954) France tries to regain Indo-China after world War II. Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) Opposition Nguyen That Thanh(Ho Chi Minh meaning Bringer of Light) and the Viet Minh, they were a communist dominated independence movement to fight the Japanese who invaded Vietnam.

  8. Vietnam War French Phase (1946-1954) The Viet Minh announced the independence of Vietnam in 1946. The French refused to relinquish control until 1954 they agreed to peace talks in Geneva.

  9. Korean War Previous Conditions Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 Japan remains in Korea Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Japan defeats Russia, annex Korea in 1910 Post World War II Russia occupies Korea August 10, 1945 Kim iL Sung invades South Korea on June 25, 1950 and calls for the “heroic struggle” to reunite Korea.

  10. Korean War *Pyongyang ---------------------------------------------------------------------38 Kim Il Sung Communist North Korea South Korea *Seoul Syngman Rhee Non-Communist

  11. Korean War Personal.psu.edu Korea

  12. Korean War Kim Il Sung Sygman Rhee Mtholyoke.edu Countrystudies.us

  13. Korean War Result Korean war ends in July 1953 as a stalemate.

  14. Central Intelligence Agency Background With the fall of the Axis powers and the end of World War II in 1945, President Harry S. Truman and Congress demobilized wartime agencies, like the Office of Strategic Services (OSS ) — the forerunner of the CIA. He recognized the need for an organization that would correlate reports and give him a regular and consistent intelligence product. Truman decided to establish the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January 1946 which was to provide the president with regular updates on matters concerning national security in a timely manner.

  15. Central Intelligence Agency Background In September 1947, President Truman recognized the need for a permanent, civilian intelligence organization. The Central Intelligence Agency was established with the signing of the National Security Act of 1947, which charged the fledgling intelligence office with coordinating the nation’s intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence affecting national security. https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/presidential-reflections-harry-truman.html

  16. Central Intelligence Agency National Security Act July 26, 1947 Usa-anti-communist.com

  17. Guatemala Ceur.usas.edu.gt June 4, 1950 JacoboArbenz (1913-1971) --elected president of Guatemala in 1950. --He was instituting socioeconomic reforms

  18. Guatemala C.I.A.’s Perspective They believed that Guatemala had an “intensely nationalistic program of progress colored by anti-foreign inferiority complex of the Banana Republic.” Why overthrow? Arbenz expropriated 234, 000 acres of land owned by United Fruit offering compensation that United fruit called unacceptable.

  19. Guatemala Sellosmundo.com Carlos Castillo Armas The C.I.A. offers to overthrow the Guatemalan government in collaboration with Nicaraguan dictator Anastacio Somoza and disgruntled general Carlos Castillo Armas

  20. Guatemala Operation PB Fortune --Authorized by President Truman as early as 1952 Operation PB Success --Authorized by President Eisenhower in August 1953. --They utilized $2.7 million for “psychological warfare and political action”

  21. Guatemala Result --Arbenz resigns on June 27, 1954. --Prior to this the option of assassination was still being considered. --After the C.I.A. installs Castillo Armas in power, hundreds of Guatemalans are rounded up and killed. --Armas gave the land back to United Fruit and abolished the tax on interest and dividends to foreign investors and eliminated the secret ballot.

  22. United Fruit Retroadverto.wordpress.com JonWilliamson.com

  23. Guatemala Guatemala http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7XaF1rs1E

  24. Guatemala Central America U.S. Influences Cla.calpoly.edu

  25. Suez Canal CIA.gov Aswan High Dam Built for hydro-electric power Flood control and Irrigation of crops Constructed from 1960-1970

  26. Suez Canal Pre-Construction Loans U.S. Britain World Bank $56 billion $14 billion $200 million July 19, 1956—The U.S. withdraws their loan offer. Why? Egypt recognizes communist China

  27. Suez Canal July 26, 1956 President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez canal Nasser waving to a crowd on August 1, 1956 after nationalizing the Suez canal Marxist.org

  28. Suez Canal Perspectives United Kingdom Prime Minister Anthony Eden views the canal as a theft. United States Secretary of State Dulles states Nasser should have to disgorge it. U.S.S.R. Supported by the Egyptians

  29. Suez Canal Anthony Eden and John Foster Dulles CIA.gov

  30. Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion The invasion of Egypt by Britain, France and Israel October 28, 1956 --The plan called for an attack across the Sinai Desert from Israel. Israel would not attack unless Britain and France would destroy the Egyptian air force. --Egyptians put up a fierce resistance. Ships were sunk in the canal to prevent transit.

  31. Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion U.S.S.R. Threatened rocket attacks in Britain and France if they did not withdraw. U.S. Unaware their allies were going to invade Egypt, put pressure on them to withdraw.

  32. Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion Result November 6, 1956—British agree to withdraw December 22, 1956—final evacuation takes place

  33. Suez Canal Suez Canal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idGKDBu5hAU

  34. Suez Canal Suez Canal from the CIA https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/the-art-of-strategic-counterintelligence.html

  35. Space Race NASA 50th Anniversary of the Space Age http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/

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