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Rome – How Long Were They Around?

Rome – How Long Were They Around?. |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|.

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Rome – How Long Were They Around?

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  1. Rome – How Long Were They Around? |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 800 600 400 200 1 1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 BCE CE • When did the following things happen? • Founding of Rome - Persian Wars • Beginning of Republic - Alexander the Great • Punic Wars conquers Persia • Beginning of Empire - Renaissance • Fall of western Rome - Columbus discovers • Fall of Constantinople America

  2. Rome – How Long Were They Around? |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 800 600 400 200 1 1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 BCE CE • Roman Republic lasted 478 years • Rome lasted 1229 years in the west • Rome lasted 2206 years altogether! • from Classical or Ancient Period to Modern times!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  3. Why did Rome last so long? • Geography • excellent location for expansion • protection from sea & land invasions • able to move on both land & sea • Mare Nostrum • Military • land ownership  all citizens requires to serve • organization – legions • flexibility – maniples • adaptability • system of roads

  4. Why did Rome last so long? • Government • tri-partite • Magistrates – a sort of executive branch • Consul (2) – head of state & army • Praetors (8) – Chief Judges & key Administrators • Questors (20) – Money people • Aediles (2) - games • The different magistrates • Censors (5 for 18 months) – take census (duh!) and keep track of net worth • Tribunes (10) – represent interest of Plebeians • two social classes Patricians (nobility) and Plebeians (commoners) • veto power – I forbid! • Dictator – 6 months with absolute power for times of emergencies • all magistrates elected for 1 year terms and expected to not run for re-election for 10 years

  5. Why did Rome last so long? • The Assemblies (3) – kind of legislative branch • suppose to pass laws & elect magistrates • - Curiate • - Tribal • - Centuriate • Senate – most powerful of the 3 branches - 300 aristocrats (patricians) for life • controlled treasury • made foreign policy – appointed foreign governors & bureaucrats • advised magistrates & assemblies

  6. Why did Rome last so long? • Roman Values • Religious • Pontifex Maximus • Vestal Virgins • bring Rome good fortune • uphold traditional customs • Family • Paterfamilias • head of family • metaphor for head of state • strict discipline • loyalty • teach values

  7. Why did Rome last so long? Social Values - Cincinnatus - duty - Regulus - state is more important than individual - principle of giving your word "With one hand he returns the fasces, a symbol of power as appointed dictator of Rome. His other hand holds the plow, as he resumes the life of a citizen and farmer.“ Patriotism!!

  8. Early Roman History • mythical founding by Romulus and Remus – 753 BCE • 753 – 509 – Time of Kings • ruled by Latin tribes & later Etruscans • most famous Etruscan king  • Tarquin the Proud • - overthrown in 509 • Etruscans • excellent engineers • organized military • triumph parade • fasces

  9. Early Roman History The Republic • 494 – plebeians rebel against patricians – The Struggle of the Orders • plebeians threatened to leave Rome and start own city • patricians gave rights to plebeians – tribune (representation), assembly • 450 – Twelve Tables passed – laws of Rome were written for all • 450 – 270 BCE – Conquest of Italy • Pyrrhic Wars • Italians allowed to keep some rights • supply soldiers for wars & accept Senate foreign policies • the hiccup  Gallic invasion of 390

  10. Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE • Wars with Carthage for control of w. Med. Sea – first oversea wars • Former Phoenician colony – commercial & naval power • First Punic War (264-246 BCE) – over control of Sicily • to win, Rome needed to become a naval power • built fleet and created naval innovations  turned naval battles into land battles on sea • won Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica  first overseas possessions!

  11. Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE • Second Punic Wars (218-202 BCE) • The Story of Hannibal  Rome’s greatest scourge! • looks to recover what Carthage lost • great general • invades Italy through Spain & Alps • Battle of Cannae – 216 • worst defeat for Rome since Gallic invasion – 70,000 soldiers killed, including 80 senators • every family lost a member!

  12. Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE • Fabius Maximus appointed dictator  Fabian Strategy – avoid direct confrontation • Romans hated it  not manly • effective in keeping most Italians from turning to Hannibal – turns to “scorch earth policy” • ↓ Publius Scipio Africanus Scipio invades Africa forcing Hannibal to leave Italy Battle of Zama – Scipio defeats Hannibal to end Second Punic War

  13. Early Roman History The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE • Terms of end of war • Rome gets Spain & all islands between Africa & Italy • huge annual tribute payable for 50 years • Rome determines all foreign policies • Masters of the western Mediterranean • Third Punic War 149-146 BCE • Rome destroys Carthage • “Carthago delenda est” – Cato the Elder • turns military against Macedonia & Greece • controls eastern Mediterranean – Mare Nostrum

  14. The Roman Republic – After the Punic Wars (and the Macedonian Wars The Good News!! • Rome controlled the Mediterranean – Yay!! • Lots of a new territory for her to exploit – Yay!! • Many slaves pouring into Rome to do the work – Yay!!

  15. Now the Bad News • Slaves – Rome was turning from labor economy to slave economy • What is the issue?? • Hannibal had destroyed the countryside • Returning veterans sell land • Soldiers cannot be part of military! • Former soldiers go to Rome looking for work but instead join large unemployed group! • Wealthy controls the land – latifundia (large plantations)

  16. The Real Aftermath of Punic Wars • Large population of unemployed, restless mass in Rome • Small group of wealthy Romans controlling most land in growing empire • Issues?

  17. The Gracchi Brothers • Both are plebeians & grandsons of Scipio Africanus • Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 BCE) • elected tribune in 133 • proposed land reform limiting Romans to owning no more than 500 acres – redistribute rest • claimed it was fairer and would reduce slave revolt and restlessness • opposed by Senate – bypassed Senate & went to Tribal Assembly

  18. needed to run for re-election as tribune • considered treasonous - murdered in the Forum by a mob • Senate had hired the mob • Gaius Gracchus (159-121 BCE) • elected tribune in 123 • more successful in progressive measures by enlisting support of middle class • passed some land reforms • public works projects • “Bread & Circus”

  19. Re-elected tribune in 122 • tried to give citizenship to Italians and run again in 121 • accused of trying to become king • after failing to win re-election, his supporters rioted in the streets • Consul (Opimius) ordered soldiers to kill rioters • Gaius commits suicide • Results • Senate repeals land reform • resorts to violence • birth of political parties – optimates & populares

  20. The Rise of Gaius Marius (157-86) Born of modest background but grew wealthy through shrewd business dealings Gained prestige by marrying into a prominent family who was losing their wealth - Julii • Rome faced 2 threats in 107 BCE – Cimbri/Teutones in north & Numidians (Jugurtha) in Africa • problems – continuing unrest & lack of soldiers • to solve problems required several years and he had to stand for re-election

  21. Standing for re-election without waiting for 10 years breaks precedent – wins election to Consul in 107, 104-100 & a 7th term in 86 • Also reforms military • Waives property requirement for military service • Promises land for service • Introduces innovations to weapons • Trains a professional army MAKES ARMY LOYAL TO GENERAL!!!!! • Defeats both the nomadic people in north and the Numidians in Africa by 102

  22. The Rise of Lucius Cornelius Sulla 138-78 BCE • Patrician birth but lived younger days as poor man • Resented those from plebeian class surpassing patricians socioeconomically • Would acquire wealth and attain status as Senator • Becomes questor in Marius’ army – one responsible for the capture of Jugurtha • Quells violence of Social Wars (91-88) • grants citizenship to Italians

  23. Civil War Marius v. Sulla • Problems in the East • King Mithridates of Pontus incites rebellion against Rome in Anatolia and Greece in 88 • Sulla elected Consul and Senate appoints him to command army to defeat Mithridates • Tribal Assembly appoints Marius – Sulla’s army rejects Assembly appointment • Sulla marches on Rome in 87 – breaks precedent – no General may enter Rome at the head of his army

  24. Marius flees Rome to Africa • Sulla takes control of Rome • places death sentence on Marius • kills Marian supporters • returns to Greece to continue war • Marius returns to Rome in 86 and wins 7th Consulship • Dies shortly after • Sulla forced to return again and become dictator in 83 for life • Kills political enemies and takes property- proscription • Weakens all political institutions, except Senate • Retires in 79 • Never defeated Mithridates

  25. So What’s Next???? Oh Yeah – SPARTACUS!!!!

  26. The First Triumvirate (political alliance of three) Triumvir – one of three people sharing power • After the political reforms of Sulla and slave rebellion led by Spartacus, Rome continues to experience political turmoil • political divisions remain • unrest among landless and unemployed in Rome • pressures on foreign policy with rebellions and pirates • commerce hurt

  27. Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53 BCE) • Wealthiest of the triumvirs • Defeated Spartacus 70 BCE • Elected Consul • Always longed for military glory • Given control of Syria in 55 BCE • Decides to conquer Parthia • Defeated at Battle of Carrhae (in modern-day Turkey) and killed in battle – loses head and hands Least important member of the First Triumvirate

  28. Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BCE) aka Pompey the Great • Politically pragmatic • War hero (excellent general) • Credited with defeating Mithridates • Drove out the pirates from Mediterranean • Defeated last Marian supporters in Spain • Formed alliance with Julius Caesar with marriage to his daughter

  29. Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) • Well-respected family • Nephew of Gaius Marius • Left Rome during Sulla’s reign to avoid proscription • Returns to Rome after Sulla’s death and securing the kingdom of Bithynia • Becomes popular with common people – lives in lower class slums of Rome

  30. Becomes client of Crassus – gets funds to rise up politically • Offers charisma to First Triumvirate • Unpopular with Senate • Wins Consulship in 59 • Needing money to re-pay debts, decides to go to Gaul after Consulship

  31. Rome’s Second Civil War – Caesar v. Pompey Senate hoped Caesar’s popularity would wane while campaigning in Gaul • THEY ARE WRONG! – becomes even more popular with publication of Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War • Caesar takes 10 years to control all of Gaul - Consequence of Caesar’s conquest  spread of Roman culture/civilization into Gaul (France) • Senate spread rumors about Caesar’s motivation in Gaul • Convince Pompey that Caesar plans to take over all of Rome With Crassus dead and Pompey’s wife (Caesar’s daughter) dying in childbirth, Pompey believes Senate

  32. Pompey sends message to Caesar to return to Rome without his legions to stand trial for corruption • Caesar gets message at banks of Rubicon River in 49 • Realizes crossing Rubicon with legions means civil war; crossing without legions means certain death • “Let the die fly!” – Crosses with his legion! • Many northern legions join Caesar • Pompey and Senate flee to Greece • Caesar pursues Pompey & Senate to Pharsalus in 48

  33. Caesar defeats Pompey and the Senate at Pharsalus • Pompey flees to Egypt where he is murdered by Ptolemy’s advisers • Caesar goes east to defeat remaining rebellious senators and Egypt to assess what to do about Pompey’s murderers – meets Cleopatra and forms alliance with her • “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I Came, I Saw, I Conquered

  34. Rome under Julius Caesar • Caesar realizes old republic is dead • “The Republic is merely a name, without form or substance.” • Believed only benevolent dictatorship could save Rome from continued civil war and collapse • Assumed title of “Dictator for the administration of public affairs” – needed to address issues of last 100 years • Reforms of Caesar • Granted citizenship to the Gauls and other non-Italian • Packed Senate with many supporters (both Italian & non-Italians) • Increased size of Senate to 900 – now a more representative body • Reduced its power to advisory council  to rubberstamp his policies

  35. Gave his loyal soldiers public lands • Reduced the Bread & Circus by decreeing that all estates must employ 1/3 of its labor force (only 2/3 slave)  reduced public dole from more than 325,000 to 150,000 • Inaugurated public works program (roads, bridges, aqueducts, etc) • Established colonies outside of Italy – Corinth, Carthage • Reduced public debts • Most long lasting reform was the change of the calendar to 365¼ days  will be used in Europe until 1582!

  36. Assassination of Julius Caesar • Ides of March (15th) • Liberators – led by Gaius Cassius & Marcus Brutus • killed in Senate • warned of attempt on his life (“What is this, Caesar? Are you a man to pay attention to a woman’s dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by not going out…” – Brutus) • “Et tu, Brute?” or “Kai su, teknon?” • liberators tried to cast themselves as freeing Rome • people reject hem • civil war – AGAIN!!

  37. Third Civil War • Formation of Second Triumvirate – formal alliance • Mark Antony (Caesar’s co-consul & top officer • Lepidus (Pontifex Maximus & Master of the Horse) • Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son & nephew) • first order of business – kill the assassins  accomplished at Philippi in Macedonia • second order of business – fight each other  Lepidus gets sent away “O wretched Virtue, thou wert but a name, and yet I worshipped thee as real indeed; but now, it seems, thou were but fortune’s slave.” - Brutus

  38. Third Civil War • Octavian v. Mark Antony • empire divided into 2 sections  east & west • Octavian gets west & Antony gets east • Antony goes to Egypt and becomes involved with Cleopatra • Octavian turns public opinion against Antony  exposes will giving territory to Cleo’s sons • Battle of Actium – 31 BCE • Octavian decisively defeats Antony • Antony & Cleo flee back to Egypt • commit suicide

  39. Augustus and the early Empire • Octavian takes title Augustus  revered one • - privately acknowledges what his great uncle said – “The republic is merely a name, without form or substance” • publicly rejects trapping of king or dictator • never takes title of dictator and is seldom elected consul • - gave himself same power as a tribune (introduce legislation in tribal assembly and veto legislation)

  40. Augustus and the early Empire • - kept total control over army (imperator – derivation of modern term emperor) and provincial governments • took title of “princeps” – first citizen • annexed Egypt as province • extend border to Danube R. and Rhine R. • control most of Asia Minor and Syria • Reforms include: • - rebuilding temples and restoring priests to revive the practice of religion • - stopping alarming growth of divorce and decline of family by outlawing adultery

  41. Augustus and the early Empire • - disarming gangs by outlawing the carrying of daggers in public • creating paid bureaucracy to stop corruption of public officials that was rampant in the republic • - establishing permanent standing army to be stationed in frontiers and attempted to keep them out of the reach of politicians in Rome • - establishing colonies throughout empire to give land to war veterans

  42. Pax Romana – the Roman Peace a new period of optimism and stability lasting more than 200 years – 27 BCE to 180 CE • - known as the Augustan Age or the Pax Romana • - unprecedented unification of the ancient world from present-day England to the Middle East • longest period of relative peace ever experienced in the west • tremendous expansion of commerce & trade (despite reliance still on agrarian society) • tremendous achievements in law (ius civilis & common law), engineering (roads, aqueducts, bridges), architecture (Roman basilica, arch, building of the Colosseum), sculpture (realism), painting, literature (Ovid, Cicero, Virgil), history (Livy & Plutarch), science (Galen & Ptolemy), and philosophy (Seneca)

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