The Rise and Fall of rome

1. 8 February 2010 The Rise and Fall of rome

2. Lecture outline • Origins of Rome • Myth • Geography • Rome Begins to Grow • Greek Influence • Etruscan Influence • Monarchy to Republic • Class Divisions • Expansion • Hellenistic Values • Politics in Rome • Ladder of Offices • Plebeian Recourse • Life in the Republic • Social Order • Morality • Family and Gender • Religion • Greek and Roman Gods • Tolerance and Expansion • Religious Hierarchy • The Age of Conquest • Italy • Conquest of Mediterranean • Punic Wars • Consequences of Empire

3. 753-509 B.C.E. – Monarchy • 509-287 B.C.E. – Early Republic • 449 B.C.E. – Law of the Twelve Tables • 287-133 B.C.E. – Middle Republic • 264-146 B.C.E. – Punic Wars • 146 B.C.E. – Rome destroys Carthage and Corinth • 133-31 B.C.E. – Late republic • 44 B.C.E. – Caesar Assassinated • 31 B.C.E. – The Empire Roman Timeline

4. 21 April 753 B.C.E.: Mythic Romulus founds Rome • 1000 B.C.E. • Rome located in Latium • large village • 15 miles inland on Tiber • Access to sea • Naturally protected Origins of Rome: 753-509 B.C.E.

5. Why does Rome develop? • Greek influence from South • Magna Graecia • Etruscans in the north • Brilliant, wealthy, warlike • LuciusTarquiniusPriscus Seventh Century B.C.E. – Rome begins to grow

6. 509 B.C.E. – 290 B.C.E. – the Romans overthrew the king and established a republic • Class patron-client • Expansion of territory • Romanization • Hellenistic values From Monarchy to Republic LuciusJunius Brutus

7. Ladder of Offices • Military Service • Quaestor • Aediles • Praetor • Consul • Plebeian Response: Tribunes • How is the Roman political system different from the Athenian system? The Political Order in Rome

8. The Constitution was mix of tradition, custom and written law • Uneven distribution of power: • Patricians versus the plebeians • Senate at the center of politics • 471 B.C.E. conciliumplebis Politics in the Republic

9. The Struggle for the Orders = conflict over the right to power • Rome’s need for plebeian soldiers led to reforms • LexCanuleia • The Law of Twelve Tables • LexHortensia The Struggle for the Orders

10. Life in the Republic • Social Order • Mosmaiorum “way of the elders” • Patron and Client • Slaveholder and enslaved • Morality • Family and Gender • Patria potestas • Marriage & women’s rights • Children and education

11. Religion • Importation of many Greek Gods • Jupiter – “Zeus” • Minerva – “Athena” Goddess of Warriors, wisdom • Juno – “Hera” Queen of the Gods • Eternal Flame of Vesta – “Hestia” Goddess of the Hearth • Religious Tolerance and Expansion • Elected Religious Hierarchy Life in the Republic

12. Rome conquers Italian peninsula • Defeats Etruscans 396 B.C.E. • From 282 – 146 B.C.E. Romans conquer the Mediterranean • First Punic War (264-261 B.C.E.) • Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E. • Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.E.) The Age of Conquest, 5th-2nd Cen. B.C.E.

13. Imperial expansion impacts Roman society in distinct ways • crippled its economy • Culture for Rome’s Elite • Generals gained fame and power The Problem of Empire

14. The Gracchi are tribunes who advocate reform • Distribute public lands to proletarians, or landless Romans • Devote gifts to equip new farms • Creation of equites • Factions form: • populares • optimates Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, 133-121B.C.E.

15. The “New Man” • Ability over ancestry • Breaking of tradition: six terms as Consul • Military Reform: proletarians as soldiers • Client/Patron applied to Commander/Soldier Gaius marius, 107-100 B.C.E.

16. Social War, 91-87 B.C.E. • Seeks glory • “proscription” • Dictator with a government of the “best people” • 3 Lessons From Sulla? • Military • Politics • Social values Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 91-78 B.C.E.

17. Pompey Magnus, a “New Man” • Defeat of Spartacus • Consul, 70 B.C.E. • Defies tradition how? • Secures Roman control of Mediterranean • Good for urban poor and merchant classes • Secures Rome in the east: Syria and Judea Gnaeus Pompey & the First Triumvirate, 70-53 B.C.E.

18. Caesar, Consul 59 B.C.E. • Defiance of Senate’s command • Strong support from the masses • Alliance with Egypt & Cleopatra VII • King of a Republic • Cancellation of debts • Caps on subsidies • Public works • Extension of citizenship and Senate • Clemency for enemies The Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar, 60-44 B.C.E.

19. Morte di Giulio Cesare (Death of Julius Caesar) by Vincenzo Camuccini

20. The Death of Caesar is intended to take Rome back to the mosmaiorum • Incites factional contest for power • Highlights the transformation of Rome’s hierarchy • Demonstrates emergence of individual over community The End of the Roman Republic

22. From Republic to Principate, 44–27 B.C.E. • Augustus’s Restoration, 27 B.C.E.–14 C.E. • Augustan Rome • Making Monarchy Permanent, 14–180 C.E. • Nero & Caligula • Tiberius & Claudius • Vespasian and the “Five Good Emperors” • Life in the Golden Age, 96–180 C.E. Outline

24. Octavian used the guise of republican “restoration,” • constitutional monarchy, • princepscivitatis • retains bureaucracy • Octavian assumes power over important civil and religious offices • He creates the emperorship Octavian/Augustus

25. Octavian Augustus centrally organized the empire’s administration • a cult of Rome • Rome expanded north and west into Europe • This period of stability leads to literary culture • Virgil, Livy, Ovid, Cicero, etc. Expansion and the Pax Romana

26. Later emperors Vespasian and the “five good emperors”, including Hadrian Imperial dynasties became full-blown monarchies soldiers taken from provinces population of Rome (the city) grew from 500,000 to 700,000 • The emperors that followed Augustus were a diverse lot • Caligula and Nero • Tiberius and Claudius The Golden Age, 44 B.C.E. to 284 C.E.

28. The emperors tried to end anger over hunger and poverty • Empire is economically prosperous • Rome developed contact with Mesopotamia, Iran, India and indirectly China Life in the Golden Age

30. New forms in literature, history, grammar and the arts - generally less idealized Women lose public face slavery became the foundation for Roman labor Expanded empire led to an expanded citizenry • Public entertainment • Violent • For the masses • Speech-making became less important • End of rhetoric? Life in the Golden Age

32. Barbarian threat collapse of order Debasement of coinage • Civil wars and invasion ensued in the third century C.E. • 235 to 284 C.E. The End of the Pax Romana

33. Formation of the dominate • Emphasis on supreme power • Autocracy • Reduction of elite power • Image of majesty • Strict legal control • Creation of the Tetrarchy • Aimed to prevent civil war through system of partnership and loyalty Diocletian Reforms

34. Division ensued, including rival claims to Roman imperial seats, and the eastern and western portions of Rome widened their divide • Emperors attempted reforms, but no reform could thwart the decline • Constantine • Makes Christianity the religion of the empire • Edict of Milan, 313 • moves the capital from Rome to Constantinople (the Greek city of Byzantium) Rome Decays

35. Migrations of various German “tribes” helped contribute significantly to Roman decline • In 370s Huns, later Visigoths, migrate into Italian peninsula Germanic Migrations

36. Fourth and Fifth Centuries

37. Roman World, c. 526

38. What caused the end of the Roman empire? • Did it decline? • What is its legacy? The Fall of Rome