Water and Sanitation Needs and Appropriate Technologies

1. Water and Sanitation Needs and Appropriate Technologies Page Weil, Water Sanitation, 265

2. Philippine Water Problems • 280 billion cubic meters of runoff annually (about 8500 liters/person/day), DSWD • Only 81% of Filipinos have access to improved drinking water sources PEF, 2002 • Only 85% have access to sanitary toilets with some areas as low as 50%, PEF, 2002

3. Where do Filipinos get their water (in order of preference) Rivers Rainwater Groundwater Springs Level I Water Point Level II Communal Faucets Level III Household Connections Level IV Hourly delivery by helicopter

4. Common Water Problems • Waterborne Diseases • Turbidity • Geology/Proximity to coast • Other contaminants • Disease Vectors • Water Access • Water Cost

5. E.Coli from human feces (Most common form of waterborne disease worldwide) Protozoa Viruses <1 micron across difficult to filter Helminthes Worms and worm eggs Not killed by chlorine Worm from a human intestine (20 feet in length) Waterborne Diseases

6. Turbidity • Suspended solids • Organic & Inorganic • Bacteria adhere to particles • Important to remove

7. Geological Issues • Proximity to sea means there is a high chance of saltwater intrusion • Sandy soil allows water to flow more freely • Many coastal barangays will lose their fresh water supply to saltwater intrusion during storm surges • “Hard” ground water with a high mineral content can stain clothes and give water a bad taste (“takla”)

8. Alluvial Aquifers Soil serves as a natural filter both through small pore size and residence time of water

9. Limestone Aquifers • Karst (limestone) allows water to flow through soil without being filtered through fine media. • Springs can be contaminated from far away. Limestone aquifers can carry water for many kilometers without filtering out contaminants

10. Other Contaminants Inorganic • aluminium, arsenic, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, lead, mercury, selenium (heavy metals) Organic • Nitrates • Pesticides, herbicides, insecticides Complicated and costly to remove. Prevention is best!

11. Disease Vectors • Personal Hygiene and Sanitation • Improper Water Storage • Standing water breeds insects

12. Source Contamination • Location-Based • Downstream contamination • Latrines should be built at least 20m from water sources • Seasonal • Rain or annual changes in the water table can make water sources turbid. • Damaged Distribution Networks • Leaky pipes or cracked storage tanks can let in groundwater

13. Water Access Problems • There is more than enough water in the Philippines for all its residents, just poor access • Distance from home to source • DSWD standard is 30m from source to farthest household • Available water at source • WHO standard is 40 liters/person/day minimum • Seasonal Changes in flow • Limestone aquifers have very low retention time for water; a dry spell can reduce them to a trickle in a matter of days.

14. Cost Problems • Water delivery expense • Communal system operations and maintenance costs • Repair costs to damaged systems

15. Assessing Local Water Resource Needs

16. ?? ?? WHY ARE OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS IMPORTANT? ?? ??

17. Objective Assessments • No political stake in projects • Decisions will help the neediest people, not just the most vocal • Most efficient way of earning personal karma (soul points per peso spent)

18. Assessment Types • Remember PACA? • “Primary Data” • Statistics collected by provincial and regional government agencies that can be prioritized to select target areas. • “Secondary Data” • Data gathered through direct community interviews and assessments. • Participatory Resource Appraisals (PRAs) • Physical Assessments • Site Visits • Water Sampling (DOH or DOST) • Examples have been included on your training CD

19. Where to get information on Water and Sanitation problems • Communities • Rural Health Units/Barangay Health Workers • Regional/National Gov’t Agencies • Department of Health (DOH) • Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) • Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) • National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) • Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) • Local/National NGOS • Conduct regular priority assessments of areas to select projects

20. Groups Responsible for Water Resource Development in the ‘Pines. Barangays Municipal / Provincial / Regional / National Government DOH, DENR, EMB, DOST, NWRB National and International development agencies World Bank, Asia Development Bank, Peace and Equity Foundation, etc. Foreign Governments Embassies, militaries Private Groups Rotary International, Kiwanis Club, Lions, Church Orgs

21. Appropriate Technologies and Solutions

22. Solutions to your water woes • BioSand Water Filters • Basic Hygiene Education • Ferrocement Tanks

23. BioSand Water Filters: Clean water for everyone! Information provided by: CAWST, A Single Drop, US Peace Corps

24. SAND GRAVEL What is a BioSand Water Filter? A concrete box filled with sand and gravel (About 1’ by 1’ by 3’ tall) Pour dirty water in Clean water comes out: Water passes through the filter material (sand and gravel) Up to 200 Liters a Day For household use in drinking, washing, cooking…

25. How does it work? 4 Methods of decontamination: Predation (at the bio-layer) Adsorption (to the sand grains) Mechanical Trapping (between the sand grains) Natural Death (from lack of oxygen, food, etc…)

26. I I I I P P P P I I I I I I I I I I I I Why this kind of Filter? • Cost Effective • Sturdy / Long Lasting • Simple to use and maintain

27. Why this kind of Filter? Lab tests User surveys • Effective in removing: Other sand filter data Field tests 90+% Bacteria (ex: salmonella) 95+% E Coli Bacteria (feces) 90+% Viruses (ex: hepatitis A) 99+% Protozoa (ex: amoeba) 99+% Helminthes (ex: round worm)

28. more added every month >40 developing countries Why this kind of Filter? • Proven through use Study of 6 countries around the world: Study from Haiti (location of first installation): 98.4 % of people still use their filter after initial installation 93.0 % of fecal coliform in the source water is removed 98.1 % of the households surveyed report that the BSF has improved the health of their household. 99% of surveyed users claim improved taste, smell, and appearance of water 100% of surveyed users like the filter, for reasons ranging from improved health to just having better water overall. 95% of users recommend filters to others

29. How can we start a BioSand Filter program here? 1. Commit to it Do we need it? Can we do it? Will we do it? 2. Plan for it Who will do it? Where will it be done? How can it be sustained? 3. Train for it How do we build it? How do we use it? How do we maintain it? 4. Go for it!

30. Reusable Equipment Steel Mold Sand Sieves Misc. Tools Consumable Material Concrete Sand/gravel GI Plywood Pipe Oil Paint Labour Transportation I I I I P P P P I I I I I I I I I I I I What will it cost? Estimated costs in the Philippines: Things to consider: for 1 mold, 3 sieves, 1 set of tools PhP 20,000+ PhP 10,000+ for 10 filters Variable Total: PhP 30,000+ to get started Oct. 2006 30 / 10

31. How will we pay for it? • In your community Funds from LGU Fundraising in the community Contributions from Schools, Churches, Businesses, etc… Business plan (sell the filters) • Outside your community Funds from NGO’s and other funding organizations

32. Common questions • Can we make it bigger? • The BioSand filter program has been carefully designed and tested; changing it would invalidate that research though sand filters have been used for centuries • Can we put charcoal in it? • The BioSand filter is purely a sand filter; charcoal will eventually need replacement while sand does not. The filter can be maintained by the owner without ever needing to change or remove the sand. • Is it approved by the DOH? • Not yet, but there are several groups in the process of testing and approving the filter at the national level.

33. Is a BSF Project Right for Your Community? • Why do they need it? • Barangays/puroks with regular incidence of waterborne disease or widespread use of open wells or hand-pumps (mga bomba) • Who will build the filters? • Existing people’s organizations with long-term members (OSY are good, summer interns are not) • Where will the filters be produced? • Filters take a LOT of water to make. • Where will you get the raw materials?

34. Is a BSF Project Right for Your Community? • Who will market and sell the filters and who will buy them? • Is there a local middle class who will buy them individually? • Will the LGU sponsor large groups of filters for difficult areas? • Have you made any contacts with local funding agencies (Rotary International LOVES BioSand)? AND MOST IMPORTANTLY • WHO WILL TAKE OVER AS PROGRAM MANAGER WHEN YOU ARE GONE?

35. Sustainability • Small-scale production • 1-2 molds, 2-3 workers (5 filters per week constructed and installed) • Committed Program Manager • Sales within community • House-to-house marketing • Simple monitoring and evaluation BioSand Filter Mold

36. Any Questions?

37. Basic Hygiene Education • Necessary for ANY kind of water and sanitation program to be effective in reducing disease • Techniques • Handwashing • Proper food preparation and storage • Proper water storage • Removal of stagnant water • Corral animals

38. Locally Appropriate IEC Materials

39. Ferrocement Tanks

40. What is Ferrocement? Ferro (with iron) – cement (concrete) NOT a special type of concrete Name refers to thin-wall concrete Has been used in construction since Roman times for many different things.

41. Ferrocement Tanks • Used to store water from rain, springs or other sources • Cheaper by volume than any other type of tank (prices for 9000 Liters of storage) • Plastic drums (45 barrels) = PHP31500 • Hollowblock Tank (2.1x2.1x2.3m) = PHP30000 • 9000 Liter Ferrocement Tank = PHP18000

42. Tank Sizing In rural and coastal barangays, schools and barangay halls often have the best roofs for rainwater collection

43. Construction Overview Prepare mold Prepare base Place alternating layers of concrete and tie wire Remove mold and plaster inside

44. 9000 Liter Tank Mold being Fabricated

45. 3000 Liter Mold In Place

46. 30000 Liter Mold Assembled

47. 3000 Liter Tank Base with Tie Wire Loops Showing

48. 9000 Liter Tank Receiving First Layer of Concrete

49. Lots of horizontal wraps getting farther apart as they get higher

50. Pulling The Mold from the 3000 Liter Tank