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Botany = Plant Science

Discover the diverse field of plant science, including botany, agronomy, horticulture, forestry, and weed science. Learn about the major uses of plants as food, nonfood uses, and various career opportunities in the field. Explore the basic parts of plants, root functions, and stem structures.

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Botany = Plant Science

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  1. Botany = Plant Science • Agronomy - field crops, wheat, corn, soybeans • Horticulture - fruits, veggies, woody ornamentals and floriculture crops • Forestry - wood and pulp production, recreation, wildlife and watershed management • Weed science - deal with controlling and management of unwanted plants.

  2. Major Uses of Plants as FOOD • Grains – wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, millet and grain sorghum • Starchy Foods – potatoes, sweet potato, cassava, yam, banana • Vegetables - sweet corn, snap bea, pea, bean, lettuce • Fruits – apples, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, watermelon • Sugar Crops – sugar beets, sugar cane, (corn syrup) • Oil Crops – soybean, sunflower, peanut, corn, cottonseed, olive • Nuts - Walnut, Pecan; Spices – Vanilla, Pepper, Allspice, Oregano; Beverages – Coffee, Chocolate, Tea

  3. Nonfood Uses of Plants • Fiber Crops • Cotton and Flax • Natural fibers have been replaced with synthetics. • Nylon, rayon, polyester • Common to see a blend of natural and synthetic fibers • Cotton/polyester blend • Timber, Fuel and Pulp • Aesthetic Uses • Cut flowers, turf grasses, green foliage

  4. Other Plant Products • Medicines • Drugs • Perfumes • Cosmetics • Insecticides • Industrial chemicals

  5. Careers in Plant Science - (with a high school diploma) • Greenhouse caretaker • Plant propagator • Orchard Care Taker • Pesticide Applicator • Groundskeeper • Tractor Operator • Combine harvester

  6. Careers in Plant Science with a 2-year (associate's) degree • Greenhouse manager • Golf course manager • Pesticide dealer • Crop supply salesperson • Greenhouse supply salesperson

  7. 4-year degree job opportunities in Plant Science • Crop marketing specialist • Crop production specialist • Fertilizer technologist • Erosion control scientist • Soil conservationist • Seed technologist • Turf grass specialist

  8. Graduate level careers in Plant Science • Plant geneticist • Plant breeder • Biotechnologist • Genetic engineer • Plant pathologist • Plant physiologist • Statistician • Weed scientist

  9. Basic Botany Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Seeds

  10. Plant Classifications • Angiosperm: produces seeds enclosed in a fruit • Ex: corn, deciduous trees • 1.  Monocot: one seed leaf (cotyledon) • ex. Corn, grass • 2.  Dicot: two seed leaves • ex. Beans, trees • Gymnosperms: produces seeds enclosed in cones • Ex: evergreen and pine trees

  11. Root Functions • Absorption of water and nutrients • (root hairs take up oxygen and water and it is transported through the xylem tissue in the plant) • Transportation of water and nutrients to stem • Anchor plant to maintain stability • Stores food and water

  12. Root System • Primary root: short-lived, develops from embryo • Secondary root: branches from primary root, fibrous root, becomes primary root • Root hairs: extensions reach between soil particles; absorbs water and nutrients; needs care when transplanting

  13. Parts of Roots • Root hairs - site of absorption, one-celled, white, fuzzy hair-like growths that develop near the end of the root branches • Root tip - where the root grows in length (4 to 6 cm of the “free end”) • Root cap - provides protection for the root tip • Epidermis - the outermost layer of cells • Cortex: - undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells arise at the tips of roots (under root cap)

  14. Root Hairs on a Tomato Plant

  15. Parts of Roots • Growing point - just back of the root cap where active cell division • Vascular tissue - is within the cortex, contains cells which transport water, nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the plant. • Elongation region - where rapid growth in the length of the root takes place. • Region of maturation - lies behind the growing point and is where secondary roots emerge.

  16. Types of Root Systems • 1. Taproots: primary roots; reach deep into soil • ex. Carrot, dandelions, oak •  2. Fibrous: no real primary roots; many fine roots, spread out at soil surface • ex. Annuals, grasses, shrubs • 3. Fleshy: become food reservoirs, store surplus food • ex. Carrots, turnips, beets

  17. Basic Plant Parts STEMS

  18. Function of Stems • Attachment point for leaves, flowers, fruit • Support • Leaves have to have access to light and air

  19. Function of Stems • Transport • FOOD, WATER, MINERALS • Through Capillary Action • Vascular System: • Xylem = water and nutrients taken from roots to leaves • Phloem = manufactured food distributed to all parts of the plants • Storage = of water, nutrients, waste

  20. Vascular Systems • Monocot: bundles scattered throughout stem • Dicots: segregated into circular pattern; separated by cambium layer (produces new xylem & phloem cells)

  21. Monocot Stem EPIDERMIS BUNDLE CAP XYLEM PHLOEM Vascular bundles in a scattered arrangement

  22. Monocot Stem

  23. Dicot Stem Epidermis Bundle Cap Xylem Cambium Layer Phloem Vascular bundles in a circular arrangement

  24. Dicot Stem

  25. Woody = accumulated dead xylem cells • Herbaceous = nonwoody - succulent (corn, weeds, beans, annual flowers)

  26. Stem Structure: • Terminal bud = tip of stem, point of elongation (cut it off and it’ll get a bushy plant) • Auxillary bud = located above each leaf • Node = where the leaf is attached • Internode = region between nodes

  27. Stem Growth • Growth in LENGTH = meristematic cells = active cell division • Apical meristems = tips • Growth in DIAMETER = cambium layer (rings) • Cells divide between xylem and phloem • Stem grows in diameter when: • cambium layer divides on inner side of stem = new xylem and on outer side of stem = new phloem • Trees in dormant seasons add different colors to the growth layers = rings

  28. Basic Plant Parts LEAVES

  29.   Function • To absorb sunlight for the manufacturing of plant sugars • Photosynthesis • Flattened surfaces present a large area for absorption of light energy • To make food used by plants for growth & reproduction

  30. Types of Leaves • Scale leaves - small, leathery, protective leaves, enclose & protect buds • Seed leaves - cotyledons, are modified leaves (storage organs). • Spines and tendrils - modified leaves that protect or assist in supporting stems

  31. Types of Leaves • Storage leaves - found in bulbs and succulents, serve as food storage • Bracts - which are often brightly colored (poinsettia) • Conifers,(pines, firs, spruce)needles- • waxy cuticles with sunken stomata • resin canals on sides of vascular system to guard against insect damage

  32. Dicot Parts of a Leaf • Blade - broad, thin part of leaf • Petiole - thin stem attaching leaf to stem • Sessile - leaves with no petiole • Midrib - large, central vein • Margin - edge of leaf • Secondary vein - branches from main vein • Apex or tip - top of leaf • Base - bottom of leaf

  33. Monocots • Sheath - portion of leaf blade surrounding stem • Ligule - “collar” extension of sheath curving around stem • Auricles - appendages that surround stem at junction of blade and sheath

  34. Cross-Section of A Leaf • Epidermis - protection of leaf tissue • Cuticle - waxy substance (cutin) protects leaf from dehydration • Guard cells - open and close, regulate passage of H2O, O2, and CO2 • Stoma - openings in leaf surface • Mesophyll - middle layer of leaf, where photosynthesis occurs • Palisade layer - dense upper layer • Spongy mesophyll - lower layer air space • Chloroplasts - actual sites of photosynthesis

  35. Leaf Characteristics • Simple - one blade per leaf • ex: grass, oak, apple • Compound - several leaflets • ex: sumac, locust • 2 Types: • Palmate • Pinnate

  36. Leaf Arrangement along a Stem • Rosulate - basal leaves form a rosette around stem • Alternate - leaves occur at alternate spots on stem; single leaf at each node • oak, beech • Opposite - leaves occur two at a node on opposite sides of stem • maple, ash, dogwood • Whorled - 3 or more leaves at each node

  37. Looks compound but is actually simple

  38. Venation - arrangement of veins • Parallel - from base to tip in parallel lines • ex. Grasses/monocots • Net-veined - veins branch from main midrib(s) and subdivide to finer veinlets • more resistant to tearing • Pinnate - veins are lateral from midrib to edge • Palmate venation - principal vein extends outward, like ribs of a fan • ex. Dicots, apple, maple leaves

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