Chapter 28: Progressivism

1. AP US History Roosevelt-Taft-Wilson 1901-1921 Chapter 28: Progressivism

2. Progressivism • GOALS: • Stop monopolies • Stop corruption • Stop inefficiency • Stop social injustice • Women’s suffrage • Child labor • Over arching goal was to use the government “as an agency of human welfare” Progressive Roots

3. At the onset of 20th Century there were 76 million Americans (1 of 7 foreign born) • This launches a new reform movement known as Progressivism! Progressive Roots

4. Progressives were generally middle class • BIG BUSINESSmiddle classimmigrants/working class Political Progressivism

5. As the US became a modern industrial nation there was need for more government action and less pure laissez-faire capitalism. • Roots of Progressivism… • Greenback Party 1870s • Populist Party 1890s Progressive Roots

6. Writers use the power of the pen… • 1902 a group of social critics known as muckrakers emerged. • They exposed corruption and injustice. • Used liberal media outlets  • Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt • Jacob Riis • Ida Tarbell • Upton Sinclair Progressive Roots

7. Progressive Roots • Jacob Riis • Wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890) • He wanted to divert attention and show the life of squalor in the NY slums. • Influenced Teddy Roosevelt (NY police commissioner)

8. Progressive Roots • Ida Tarbell • Wrote in McClure’s • Laid out the ruthless business tactics of John. D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Company.

9. Progressive Roots • Upton Sinclair • Wrote The Jungle; resulted in: Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food & Drug Act (FDA) • Uncovered the horrible conditions of the meat packing industry. • Goal was to reveal the plight of workers. • He horrified America and initiated Congressional action.

10. “[A] man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, and they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.” Upton Sinclair: The Jungle

11. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle helped gross the American public out about industry. • Congress took action and passed the Meat Inspection Act 1906 • Meat was inspected by USDA • Pure Food and Drug Actwas also passed. • Ensure proper labeling of food and drugs. • Made Europe trust American meat = helped exports Caring for the Consumer

12. Muckrakers were opinionated about the ills of society but gave no answers to fix the wrongs. • Cure= democracy (people) • Believed the public conscience would eventually remedy the problems. • Believed people were inherently good. Progressive Roots

13. Political Reforms of Progressives… • The initiative where voters could initiate laws • The referendum where voters could vote proposed bills into law. • The recall where voters could remove elected officials rather then waiting for term to end. • Secret ballotto help get a true vote and avoid intimidation. • The direct election of senators by the people. • 1913 with 17th amendment • Female suffrage (1920) = 19th Amendment Political Progressivism

14. Progressivism took off at the local level before the national level. • Local leaders cracked down on “slumlords”, prostitution and juvenile delinquency. • Wisconsin was the leader for states. • Gov. Robert LaFollettetook power back from the big business and gave it to the people. Progressivism in the cities and states

15. Like most reform movements women again were the catalyst of the Progressive movement. • Focused their changes on family ills • EX: Child Labor Progressive Women

16. Triangle Shirtwaist Company: • Burnt down in 1911, trapping/killing 146 mostly young, women workers. • Gained “yellow press” coverage • Public outcry prompted many states to pass laws regulating hours and conditions in such “sweatshops” and to pass workers’ compensation laws. • Reformers gained momentum after this! Progressive Women

17. Alcohol was another battle women waged… • Francis Willard founded the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • 1 Million women joined • Movement culminated with the 18th Amendment in 1919 (Prohibition) which banned alcohol’s sale, consumption and possession. PROGRESSIVE WOMEN

18. TR had been moved by muckrakers/reformers • TR Pursues the “Three C’s”: • Control of the corporations • Consumer protection • Conservation of natural resources TR’s Square Deal for LaborPOTUS 1901-1909

20. In 1902 coal miners in PA went on strike • Called for 20% pay increase • Work hour reduction from 10 to 9/day • RESULTS: • Nation felt effects of coal shortage • TR threatened to use federal troops to operate mines. • Groups reached arbitration • Workers got 10% increase and 9 hr work day • Dept. of Commerce and Laboris formed by Congress as a result of this. TR’s Square Deal for Labor

22. There have been attempts to corral the TRUST already (EX: Interstate Commerce Commission 1887, Sherman Anti-Trust Act) • It has not been very successful • RESULT: • Elkins Act 1903 • Banned and prosecuted rebates awarded by RR’s • Hepburn Act • Placed restrictions on free passes for RR’s TR Corrals the Corporations

23. TR believed there were “good” and “bad” trusts and “bad” trusts had to go • Attacked 40 Trusts (beef, sugar, fertilizer and harvester trusts) • Most noteworthy target = Northern Securities Company run by J.P Morgan TR Corrals the Corporations

24. Accomplishments… • Irrigate the western deserts (Newlands Act of 1902) • Preserve the trees • The Roosevelt/Muir dispute: • John Muir felt the lands should be set aside and not touched. • Roosevelt felt land should be managed and used for benefit of the people. • Multiple-use resource management • Use land for recreation, reservoirs, logging, stock grazing (summer) • Hetch Hetchy Valley Gorge (Dispute) Earth Control

25. Roosevelt announced in 1904 he would not run for a third term = loss in power • In 1907 the economy took a sudden downturn. • Called the “Roosevelt Panic” : he was blamed like most presidents. • REVEALED THE NEED FOR A MORE ELASTIC CURRENCY SUPPLY. The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907

26. The banks needed to be able to release money reserves into circulation if times got tough. • Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908): authorized national banks to release money into circulation. • This in turn would lead to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907

27. TR was an extremely popular president Brought Big Business under control Increased the power of presidency Initiated reforms 1st modern president Showed US was a world power Teddy Roosevelt's legacy

28. Election of 1908 • TR endorses William Howard Taft • William Jennings Bryan (DEM) • Taft rides TR’s popularity to victory The Rough rider thunders out

29. The Dollar Goes Abroad as Diplomat Dollar Diplomacy: Americans invested in foreign countries to gain power. Wall Street would invest in other nations = strengthen the U.S and make money at the same time. Taft used this sneaky strategy whereas TR used in-your face “Big Stick Policy”

30. The Dollar Goes Abroad as Diplomat Dollar Diplomacy Setback Taft wanted to buy Manchuria RR from Russia and Japan. Then turn them over to China Strengthen Open Door Policy and relations with China Russia and Japan blocked Sec. of State Philander Knox’s deal.

31. The Dollar Goes Abroad as Diplomat Latin America was a hot spot for DD Reason= Monroe Doctrine (only US could invest) The Heavy Investment of US Dollars meant they had even greater interest in Latin America This meant that US got more involved

32. Taft the Trustbuster Taft was the real Trustbuster not TR Brought 90 lawsuits against Trusts (4yrs) Notable: Standard Oil broken up in 1911 U.S. Steel Company: Taft wanted to break it up, TR thought it was a “good Trust” = feud between the two.

33. Taft Splits the Republican Party Two issues split Rep Party Tariff Conservation of Lands Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill: split party

34. Taft Splits the Republican Party Tariff Old Rep = High Tariff Progressives = low tariff Taft= mild Progressive Payne-Aldrich Bill actually broke is campaign promise Senate added increases before it was signed Conservation Old = using/developing lands for business Progressives = favored conservations of land. Ballinger-Pinchot Quarrel (1910) Very unpopular decision by Taft Taft fired Gifford Pinchot after he criticized Sec. of Interior Richard Ballinger for opening up public lands for development in Wyoming, Montana and Alaska.

35. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture A new party emerges in the National Republican League in 1911 TR threw “his hat in the ring” saying he hadn’t wanted three consecutive terms. Roosevelt is named the Progressive Republican candidate Election of 1912 Taft won the Republican nomination (incumbent) TR simply ran as a 3rd party candidate after not getting nomination.

36. By 1900 US realizes land/resources are not inexhaustible and Congress takes action. • Desert Land Act of 1877 • Forest Reserve Act of 1891 • Carey Act of 1894 • TR’s Presidency truly began new era of conservation as he took action. Earth Control

37. Taft Splits the Republican Party Split in party became apparent in 1910 Congressional Election The split between Republicans allowed the Democrats to win the majority in the House.