The Chronology of Deviance

1. HI266 Deviance and Non-conformity The Chronology of Deviance NaomiPullin n.r.wood@warwick.ac.uk

2. Structure Medieval and Early Modern Europe – some key changes Medieval and Early Modern Europe – case-studies (religious and sexual deviants) Conclusion – A pre-modern society?

3. Aims of today • Understanding ‘pre-modern’ as a conceptual term • Understanding pre-modern periodization –the key changes and their impact on deviant groups • Also looking at the continuities in the treatment of specific groups of deviants

4. Pre-modern society Key periods: Medieval (c.500-1500) Early Modern (1500-c.1800) Other important sub-periods: Moore thesis (c.1050-1300) Renaissance (1300-1650 (?) depending on location and context) Enlightenment (c.1650-1800)

5. Module website - chronology of Deviance http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/deviance/chronology/

6. Part 1 The key changes of our period Can we make a distinction between the treatment of deviant groups in these different periods?

7. Moore’s Persecuting Society Gregorian reform movement of the 11th century Development of canon law (church laws and regulations) Papal court (dignitaries assisting the Pope in carrying out ceremonies) Approved the establishment of groups of monks/friars (the Franciscans)

8. The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Regulated relations with Jews, Muslims, Lepers etc. The Crusades (1095 – 1291) Gregory IX established the Inquisition in 1233 Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)

9. Cathars Prominent in S France and N Italy Reform movement seeking to assert the purity of the Church Persecuted heavily during the Albigensian (Cathar) Crusade (1209-1229)

10. “persecution had become habitual. That is not simply to say that individuals were subject to violence, but that deliberate and socially sanctioned violence began to be directed, through established governmental, judicial and social institutions” Consequences of the C11th and C12th Reforms R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society

11. Other important medieval changes Consolidation of state power: France (12th century onwards) England (esp. 13th century) Spain (15th century)

12. 12th Century France First Inquisition to combat ‘heresy’ Cathars, Waldensians, Hussites, Franciscans etc.

13. 13th Century England • Legal discrimination against the Jews in England – peaks in 13th century • 1275 – forced to wear a marking badge and subject to high levels of taxation • 1290 – Edict of Expulsion Edward I of England (1272-1307)

14. 15th Century Spain 1480 - Expulsion of the Muslims from Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella’s reforms

15. Key changes in the Early Modern Period • Huge consolidation of state power > closer regulation of society • Early Modern period = often seen as highly intolerant of marginal groups

16. Key changes in the Early Modern Period The Reformation 16thcentury Martin Luther (1483-1546)

17. Luther’s reforms: Sola fide – faith alone (the individual not the church determining salvation) Ninety-Five Theses – Württemberg Cathedral (1517)

18. Consequences of the Reformation • Rise of nation-states independent of Rome > new groups of ‘deviants’ depending on national religion • New religious groups (e.g. Calvinists, Zwinglians, Anabatists) • The Church of England – following Henry VIII’s divorce to Catherine of Aragon • The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) following Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563

19. Consequences of the Reformation The Anabaptists siege Münster 1534 John of Leiden (c.1509-1536) Bernard Knipperdolling (c.1495-1536)

20. Consequences of the Reformation • Religious Conflict: • French Wars of Religion (1562 and 1598) • Persecutions of Protestants in England during reign of Mary I (1555-1558) • Thirty Years War (1618-1648) – affects the whole of Europe

21. Consequences of the Reformation 17th century ‘witchcraze’

22. Other Early Modern changes • Poverty and vagrancy: • Overpopulation > English population doubles from 2.3 million to 5 million • Increasing fear of mobility • Elizabethan Vagrancy Acts (1601) - Idle poor and vagrants sent to a House of Correction or prison

23. Laursen and Nederman Beyond the Persecuting Society Early modern period not a time of increasing persecution BUT a period of increasing tolerance

24. Part 2 Moving beyond periodization to a ‘pre-modern’ society Religious deviants (Jews) Sexual deviants (Prostitutes)

25. Pre-modern Jews Black Death (1348-1350) Accusations of Jews (and Muslims and lepers) poisoning wells and spreading disease Pestismanufactura(disease made by human agents)

26. Strasbourg Massacre of the Jews (1349)

27. Early Modern anti-semitism • Martin Luther: • On the Jews and their Lies (1543) • Admonition (1546) • Accuses the Jews of ritual murder, black magic and well-poisoning

28. Pre-modern Jews • Anon., The Quaker Turn’d Jew • (1675 ) • Quakers: • Believe in universal ‘inner light’ • Permit female preachers • Many very wealthy merchants

29. Pre-modern Prostitutes • Attitudes towards prostitutes determined by attitudes towards women(remains the same for most of the period) • Control of behaviour: • Toulouse 1201 – forcible removal of prostitutes from city walls • Late-medieval and early modern ‘Sumptuary Laws’ (regulating what prostitutes could wear)

30. Pre-modern Prostitutes ‘The lesser evil’ • Municipal brothels: Venice 1360 • ‘Office of Decency’ (Onesta) in Florence Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

31. Pre-modern Prostitutes Expert witnesses

32. Key debates/ideas Michel Foucault Discipline and Punish

33. Conclusions Significant moments of change that make the medieval and early modern periods distinguishable Early Modern period = much more state driven > new groups of deviants

34. Conclusions Not a clear-cut process – more helpful to view ‘pre-modern’ society as a whole Case-studies show us not only marginalization, but also acceptance