International Relations in the 20th Century

1. International Relations in the 20th Century • Part 4: Asian Nationalism after 1945 – • Gandhi and Indian Independence • WHAT YOU WILL LEARN • At the end of this chapter you should understand ... • How India became independent after World War II. • The role of Gandhi in the independence movement after 1945.

2. The British Empire – Colonial Background How was India ruled in 1945?

3. Independence Movement after 1945 Example of Japanese victories British economy weak USA pressure Indian involvement in running country Factors favouring independence Only 50,000 British soldiers

4. The Role of Gandhi after 1945 • Non-violence • Non-co-operation • Congress Party • Lesser role after 1945 • Consulted by Nehru • Opposed to Mountbatten’s Partition Plan • Persuaded to accept by Nehru • Disappointed by Hindu-Muslim clashes – tried to stop them • Assassinated by Hindu fanatic, Nathurum Godse • His methods inspired others e.g. Martin Luther King Note: after 1945

5. Conflict between Hindus and Muslims Muslim League led by Jinnah Wanted two states Hindu state Muslim state Direct Action Day – Protests by Muslims demanding separate country Led to serious riots between Hindus and Muslims Why was there conflict between Hindus and Muslims?

6. Mountbatten negotiates Partition Plan Kashmir (disputed) 7 million Muslims 4.1 million Hindus and Sikhs Two states TIBET WEST PAKISTAN (now Pakistan) NEPAL Delhi 3 million Muslims 6 million Muslims 3.3 million Hindus 1.2 million Hindus Indian Independence Act 1 million Muslims Calcutta INDIA EAST PAKISTAN (now Bangladesh) Areas where most people were: Pakistan – mainly Muslim Hindu Muslim Sikh India – mainly Hindu Areas where there were large minorities of: West and East Pakistan Hindu Muslim Sikh Boundary of India and Pakistan, 1947 CEYLON Refugee movement in 1947 Refugees massacred

7. Decolonisation – The End of Empires Effects of WWII Allied soldiers End of Empires USA and Soviet Union Impact of Japan