Participles are:

1. Participles are: Adjectives Verbal Verbs that retain some of their “verbness” Transformed into adjectives. These hybrids now function grammatically as adjectives.

2. How do we make these cool hybrids First we decide on the breed of hybrid we want: Perfect Passive Participles Present Active Participles Future Active Participles Today we’ll focus on the first one Future Passive Participles everybody’s asking

3. Remember: participles are verbs transformed into adjectives, so we start with a verb do, dare, dedi, datum datus, -a, -um The fourth principal part is the abbreviated Perfect Passive Participle (PPP) The –um form is the Nominative, Neuter, Singular of a first and second declension adjective Expanded it looks like all other first and second declension adjectives

4. Once we’ve transformed our verb into an adjective, it can be declined like any other adjective using the endings we already know! do, dare, dedi,datus, -a, -um 1st Declension Feminine Singular Plural Nom. data datae Gen. datae datarum Dat. datae datis Acc. datam datas Abl. data datis 2nd Declension Masculine Singular Plural Nom. datus dati Gen. dati datorum Dat. dato datis Acc. datum datos Abl. dato datis 2nd Declension Neuter Singular Plural Nom. datum data Gen. dati datorum Dat. dato datis Acc. datum data Abl. dato datis

5. Wow! We just made verbs into adjectives! Now what do we do with them? Perfect Passive Participles are always translated by the formula “having been insert past tense of the verb here.” do, dare, dedi, datum = to give So any form of the datus, -a, -um participle is translated as “having been given” Rosae datae sunt beatae = The roses, having been given, are beautiful.

6. Remember: participles are verbs transformed into adjectives. As adjectives, they follow the same rules as other Latin adjectives. That means they have to agree with the nouns they modify in Case, Number, and Gender. In our example datae is the adjective modifying rosae. So they agree in Case, Number, and Gender. Both are Nominative, Plural, Feminine. Rosae datae sunt beatae = The roses, having been given, are beautiful.

7. Remember: participles are verbs transformed into adjectives. But unlike other adjectives, participles can still do verb-like things. They can still have direct and indirect objects. Let’s give our participle an indirect object so we can try this out! Rosae dataematri sunt beatae = The roses, having been given to mother, are beautiful.

8. Let’s review: Participles are Verbal Adjectives We transformed verbs into adjectives, and now they act like adjectives while retaining some of their “verbness” As adjectives, participles decline like adjectives and follow the rules that all other adjectives follow. Because they used to be verbs, participles still take direct and indirect objects.

9. Relevant TEKS: §114.21. Languages Other Than English, High School §114.23. Levels III and IV - Intermediate Progress Checkpoint (a) General requirements (2) Using age-appropriate activities, students expand their ability to perform novice tasks and develop their ability to perform the tasks of the intermediate language learner. The intermediate language learner, when dealing with everyday topics, should: G) use knowledge of the components of language, including grammar, to increase accuracy of expression;