The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Mrs. Quimby – Quincy High SchoolModern World History - Sophomores ≈ 1760 - 1850

2. Background • > The Industrial Revolution occurred in England from about 1760 to 1850 • At this point in time, England was prime for change: • > Improving medical technologies meant that there were… • > Lower infant mortality rates • > Generally longer lifespans • > This led to a huge increase in population • Advances in agriculture (The Agricultural Revolution) made food and raw materials easier to produce

3. Changes in Technology Several changes in technology drove the Industrial Revolution forward. • > 1775 - James Watt perfects his replicating steam engine • Originally used to remove coal from mines • By 1780 the steam engine was applied to factories • Watt’s invention revolutionized the textile industry, and led to the creation of the modern factory.

4. Other Innovations • John Kay invents the flying shuttle - doubles a weaver’s production • Lewis Paul’s roller spinner • James Hargreaves creates the Spinning Jenny - weavers can now spin dozens of threads at once • Richard Arkwright invents the water frame - reduces the expense of yarn, and the carding engine - creates wool more quickly These innovations all contributed to the increase in industry. They made production of textiles, especially wool, easier, cheaper, and faster.

5. Transportation -> The creations of canals linked cities by watertransport • Road travel was still far from what we see now, though. • > Carrier carts, stage coaches, and pack carts transported common people, the rich, and large hauls of goods. • > The greatest innovation in transportation during the Industrial Revolution was the locomotive • Powered by James Watt’s steam engine the locomotive made it easy to get from industrialized city to industrialized city, and also helped spread English innovations across Europe.

6. The Factory

7. The Working Class EP Thompson states: “The Factory Movement, in its early stages, represented less a growth of middle-class humanitarianism than an affirmation of human rights by the workers themselves” • For the first time, there was a working class • Prior to this, there had been an upper class, and a lower class, and, in some cases, a bourgeoisie. • How is a factory worker different from an agrarian worker? How is it different from a member of the bourgeoisie?

8. PART 1 Using the chart on the white board, have each member of your team reproduce the image taped there. Each team-mate should draw the image in their own square. Try to make your picture be as similar to the original as possible. Class Activity

9. PART 2 In your notebooks, answer… 1. Do all the pictures from your group look the same? 2. Is there a faster way you can make the picture look more uniform? Class Activity

10. PART 3 Assign each member of your group one TASK. One group mate should be in charge of drawing the head-shape, one draw the nose, the ears, etc. Each group mate should have a different task. Now, take turns going to the board – have each team mate draw their item on all of the faces for your group. Class Activity

11. Response Read the information at the top of the Division of Labor worksheet, and think of how this activity today was similar to how division of labor worked in American factories. Class Activity

12. Working Conditions • Prior to 1760, most people worked at family farms, or worked a trade from their homes • This is called the Cottage Industry • However, factories were cheaper, more efficient, and produced higher quality materials • > By 1800, the vast majority of people, both adults and children, men and women, were employed at a factory. • > Factories provided jobs, and created a way for the “peasant farmer” to save money.

13. Working Conditions • However… • The conditions in the factories were not well regulated, and factories were highly dangerous. • In the metropolitan cities, the average age of death, which had gone down because of medical advances, suddenly went up. • In Liverpool, the average age of death was 17 • In Manchester, you were lucky to see 15 • Even if you survived, many workers became disfigured because of the conditions • By 1830, it was taken for granted that the “average” industrial worker’s growth was stunted. • Other common ailments were back hunches, bent fingers, bald patches, and, in extreme cases, missing limbs.

14. Child Labor • Child labor was not new… • Kids worked alongside their parents at home, helping with chores, agriculture, and other tasks. • Children of tradesman often worked with their parents, helping card wool, for example. Working in a factory, however, was much different.

15. Child Labor Discussion Summary • In the factories, children worked alongside their parents. • They were expected to work the same amount of hours as an adult worker • Factories were especially dangerous for children • Children as young as four were put to work crawling under looms, picking up lint.

16. Child Labor Cont. • At home, parents could oversee their children • The work was hard, but it was regulated • Helping their parents at their at-home trade was less monotonous • Children weren’t expected to do the same task for hours on end • However, industrialization made it harder to make a living at a trade, or as a farmer • The children who would work alongside the parents at home now worked alongside them at the factories • Children became additional wage earners, providing for the family like their parents were. Do Now Writing assignment:Was child labor during the Industrial Revolution okay? How is it different from children working at home? Why were so many children allowed to work?Write 3 paragraphs!

17. The Factory • The Commercial Revolution introduced the ideas of Capitalism to the working class. • For the first time, individuals could control how things were produced. • This was the start of the entrepreneur. • Individuals could borrow from banks and re-pay them later. This meant that they could start companies and open businesses. • During the Industrial Revolution, there were two forms of Capitalism. • Commercial Capitalism • Merchants (mostly pre-industrial Revolution) who bought and sold goods produced by others. • Industrial Capitalism • Produced and manufactured the goods themselves. New to the Industrial Revolution.

18. The Factory (Continued) • Industrial Capitalism is characterized by the factory system. • Before the Industrial Revolution, you needed to be skilled in the whole process of making an item. • For example, if a person wanted to create a shirt, they would have to take the wool, card it, spin it, dye it, weave it, and only then make the shirt. • During the Industrial Revolution, with the rise of the factory system, there was no longer a market for individual skilled workers. • Instead, division of labor divided the manufacturing process into a series of easy steps. • Because a large amount of items could be produced very quickly, with little labor, the cost of these items dropped.

19. Eli Whitney • The Industrial Revolution quickly spread to the United States. • Eli Whitney was an American inventor, his contributions revolutionized the textile industry on a global scale. • Born in Westborough, Massachusetts • Wanted to go to college, and worked as a farmer and schoolteacher to save money. • Attended Yale • After college, Whitney planned to go to South Carolina to be a tutor, however, he got sidetracked at a friend’s farm, and there had the idea to start a business. • Whitney’s first factory made muskets.

20. Eli Whitney(Continued) • Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts to make the production of the muskets standardized. • Before this point, muskets had been hand-made, and each gun was slightly different. • Whitney created machinery that produced identical, easily replaceable parts. • This machinery, with interchangeable parts, meant that Whitney could use division of labor. • This meant that Whitney’s muskets were produced very quickly, and in large numbers. These guns could also be easily repaired.

21. The Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney’s most famous invention was not the use of interchangeable parts, but rather, the cotton gin. • The cotton gin is a machine that cleans seeds from raw cotton. • Before this point, processing cotton was tedious - people had to individually pick out all of the seeds. • The cotton gin helped increase the production of cotton from less than 500,000 pounds in 1793 to 93 million pounds by 1810. • Thanks to this invention, cotton became the US’s main export, and much of this cotton went to England.

22. Cotton Gin Controversy • The cotton gin helped bring America into the industrialized world. It increased trade with Europe and made America a trade power. • However, it also helped boost the slave trade in America, and the use of slave labor in general. • Ironically, the cotton gin, designed as a labor-saving device, increased the use of slavery. • Cotton could be cleaned faster, but not picked faster, and so slave labor increased in the southern US. Due 11/30 *start outlining now* Mini Essay - 3 paragraphs What impact did the cotton gin have on history? Was it positive or negative? Does the advancement to American society balance the increase in slave labor?

23. Other Advancements • Other advancements to the factory system continued to make things faster, cheaper, and easier. • Key to the advancements in the factories was mass production - being able to produce large amounts of identical items. • The Assembly Line was introduced in the late 1800s. • Before this point, each part was produced individually, then assembled piece by piece, one complete item at a time. • An Assembly Line, in contrast, had the pieces fitted together as they were produced. • This again made production faster and easier!

24. Henry Ford • The Assembly Line was made popular by Henry Ford - an American entrepreneur. • Ford saw the potential of the assembly line in building automobiles. • On Ford’s assembly line, the metal frame of the car would travel down a conveyor belt. Each worker it passed added one of the thousands of small parts that the car needed. • This mass production made it so that average families could have cars! Ford used to say: “You can get the Model T in any color you like, as long as it’s black!”

25. Assembly Lines • Mass production on the assembly lines wasn’t just used for cars. • Soon after the assembly line became popular, mass production became the standard for creating clothes, furniture, machinery… practically anything. • This increase in the factory use led to the rise of the corporation. Not just individually owned factories, but franchises.

26. Rise of the Corporation • Before the Industrial Revolution there were two major types of businesses • A sole proprietorship is owned by one person. • A partnership is a business owned by 2 or 3 people. • In both cases, the owners were responsible for business debts (even if they were very large). • These businesses usually had only a few employees, and so could not produce things as fast as large companies. • The Industrial Revolution created the Corporation. • By the 1800s, corporations were growing.

27. Rise of the Corporation • A Corporation is a business where shareholders buy stock in the company. • Because shareholders “own” part of the company, they also get representation in the organization - sometimes a member on the board. • Shareholders receive dividends according to how well the company does. • Unlike a proprietorship, each investor is limited to the amount they invest. • If something goes wrong with the company, no one will go bankrupt! • This made corporations really popular for investors.

28. Rise of the Corporation • By the late 1800s, corporations were getting larger. • 1901: J.P. Morgan (and associates) formed the United States Steel Company - the first multi-billion dollar corporation. • Making a company bigger did not necessarily increase profits! • Until this point, factories that mass produced goods could sell them for a reasonable price, and make a profit. • However, sometimes a market would be flooded with goods, which forced prices to go down. • This also increased competition between companies selling similar things.

29. Rise of the Corporation • Because of the issue of flooding the market, smaller businesses started losing money. Often the owners had to sell the businesses to larger corporations. • The size of corporations were growing, however, there were also fewer corporations because of this competition. • This led to monopolies in certain industries. • J. P. Morgan’s company became one of the first monopolies. • If different organizations combined to create a monopoly, with varied goods, it was called a cartel.

30. Other Economic Theories - Smith • Adam Smith publishes his theories about economics in 1776. • His book The Wealth of Nations talks about the natural economic laws in society. • > According to Smith, there are two laws that govern all economies… • > Law of Supply and Demand • Producers of items will sell items for as long as customers want it. Once the market is saturated, the Law of Competition comes in. • > Law of Competition • Prices will be kept down by companies competing for business.

31. Other Economic Theories 2 • Smith was the first to talk about the idea of free enterprise. • Free enterprise: laborers have jobs, investors and owners make profits, and buyers receive better goods at cheaper prices. • Another important theory of Smith’s is the Invisible Hand of the Economy. • This says that the economy is self-correcting and self regulating, and will always recover. Do you think Invisible Hand theory is accurate? What does it say about today’s economy?

32. Other Economic Theories 3 • The Iron Law of Wages • Published in 1817 by David Ricardo. • The Iron Law of Wages says that when labor is plentiful, wages are low. When labor is scarce, wages get higher. • The more people who can work, the less they will get paid. This theory says that workers are always poor, and always suffering. This theory became known as “dismal science”.

33. Lassiez-Faire Economy • These theories of economics led to a policy called lassiez-faire. • This literally means “leave things alone” or, “let do”. • In a lassiez-faire economy, the market controls production of goods. • Before this, production guilds and governments controlled what items were produced. • Lassiez-faire economics is what most western countries have today. This stared causing problems though. People realized that things can’t be left entirely alone. Humanitarians urged reforms, in order to improve the lives of the workers.

34. Reforms -> Social critics began writing about conditions in workhouses and factories, and suggesting changes to economic problems. -> Charles Dickens wrote David Copperfield about child workers, and Oliver Twist about the London crime underworld. • Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin wrote against materialism and published their essays. • Jeremy Bentham wrote about utilitarianism. • According to Utilitarianism, a law was good, and useful, if it led to the “greatest good for the greatest number”.

35. Reforms -> According to Utilitarianism, a law was good, and useful, if it led to the “greatest good for the greatest number”. • How do you think Utilitarianism applies to the Industrial Revolution? Do you think it is a good philosophy for today’s economy? • Answer these questions in your notebook right now. It should only take a few minutes!

36. The Rise of Socialism -> At first, during the Industrial Revolution, everyone seemed to benefit. • > Workers were making more money • > Business owners were making a profit • > Goods were cheaper, and easier to afford. • However, with the rise of the corporation, there started to be a discrepancy. -> Now, a few people became enormously rich, while most remained poor.

37. The Rise of Socialism Socialism Under socialism, governments own the means of production (the companies) and operate them for the benefit of all people. The key to socialism is removing the motive of profit. • > Under laissez-faire economy, the market should regulate itself. • However, this led to some people being able to make far more money than others. • > Some people started to argue that laissez-faire capitalism was not the best economic system. • These people looked for reform - they said that the government needed to step in and “remedy inequalities”. Proletariat: Working class Bourgeoisie: Wealthy/factory owners

38. The Rise of Socialism - 1 Early Utopian socialists believed that everyone, not just the owners of the corporations, had a right to equal share of the profits. Under socialism, governments own the means of production (the companies) and operate them for the benefit of all people. The key to socialism is removing the motive of profit. UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS Utopian socialists recognized that socialism would work best in small group settings. In this situation, everyone would share ownership of the companies, and get equal profits. This type of model community is called an Utopia.

39. The Rise of Socialism – 2 • > The most influential utopian socialist was British entrepreneur Robert Owen. • Owen quit school at age 10. By age 20, he and some partners had bought a spinning factory. • > Owen believed that if people lived in a good environment, they would no longer be selfish - they would work for the greater good of the group. • Owen helped his workers - he made sure they had good homes, could buy clothes and food, and had schools for their kids. • He also encouraged his workers to form unions. • > These cooperative communities were Utopian societies - the ideal of utopian socialism.

40. Karl Marx • However, some people were not content with modifying the capitalist system. • > Karl Marx was a German journalist and social critic, and the founder of a new form of socialism. • Marx began writing against capitalism. These views made him unpopular, and so he moved to London. • > Marx’s early work Das Kapital was a criticism of a flawed capitalist system. • > With Freidrich Engels, Marx published the Communist Manifesto. Marx said: “The history of all …existing society is the history of class struggles.”

41. The Rise of Socialism • In Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels summarized human history: • How can you apply this summary to what we have discussed so far this year? • What major events have we discussed that were triggered by class struggles? • Write in your notebook! Marx said: “The history of all …existing society is the history of class struggles.”

42. The Rise of Socialism • Marx claimed that each state of history involved some kind of inequality, and therefore some kind of struggle. • Marx explained that, in the case of the Industrial Revolution, there was a class difference that caused stress. EVOLUTION OF A TERM- Where have we seen the word “bourgeoisie” before?- What did it mean then?- What does it mean now, the way Marx uses it? Marx said that the class struggle of the 1800s was between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The proletariat was the working class, the bourgeoisie were the factory/company owners.

43. The Proletariat and Bourgeoisie Marx said that the class struggle of the 1800s was between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The proletariat was the working class, the bourgeoisie were the factory/company owners. • Marx said that all wealth was created by labor. • > Capitalism = laborer only receives small fraction of the wealth. • > Most of the wealth goes to the factory owners (bourgeoisie). • > In this situation, Marx theorized that the proletariat would eventually band together and overthrow the bourgeoisie. • In these cases, the proletariat would have to establish a dictatorship until the bourgeoisie would “educated” enough to accept socialism.

44. Pure/Perfect Communism PURE COMMUNISM The final stage of Marx’s predicted society was called Pure Communism. The government would “wither away”, leaving the people to regulate themselves.Marx believed Pure Communism was the inevitable outcome of human history. The “hammer and sickle” was created during the Bolshevik revolution (1917). Why would the party use this symbol?How is it related to communism?

45. Summary of Marx • In Das Kapital, Marx published these theories about communism versus capitalism. • > Marx believed that a communist is a person who believes people can work together, and live cooperatively, without being forced to. • Marx said, ““From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.” • Marx also believed that this was the eventual historical outcome of civilized societies. • > Marx’s version of Socialismis called “Scientific Socialism”. • He believed that it was the natural historical outcome of an educated society.

46. Summary of Marx Scientific Socialism Industrial + Capitalistic societies would lead to a huge divide between proletariat and bourgeoisie. The proletariat would rise up, take over, educate the bourgeoisie, and then all would live in a perfect communist society. “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.” In Your NotebooksRespond to this question. What do you think it means? Do you think it is fair? How would it change society today, if we followed this idea? - Will be collected by end of class.

47. Variations of Socialism - 1 • Marx’s socialism is an ideal society, a form of Utopia. • His ideas inspired other forms of socialism, which sprung up in different societies. • > COMMUNISM / AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM • > Radical thinkers. Believed that the only way to instate socialism was for a revolution to overthrow the government, and socialism to be established by force. The government would own all means of production, and control economic planning. • Today, we see this government in China, North Korea, Vietnam, and many South American countries. Russia was also Communist, but is now a Republic.

48. Variations of Socialism - 2 • > DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM • > Moderate thinkers. Believed that socialism could develop gradually through education and democratic government. • This is why there are still socialist parties in modern democratic societies.

49. Preview. . . • > Marx’s ideas will spread throughout the industrialized world… • > They will take root especially in Russia, where an unhappy working class (proletariat) will see socialism as an ideal government. • This leads to the October Revolution, in Russia (1917). The socialist proletariat (led by the Bolsheviks) rebel against what they saw as an oppressive bourgeoisie.

50. Preview. . . • The Bolsheviks establish a socialist government - creating the Soviet Union. • The Soviet Union would spread communism throughout Eastern Europe, and Asia. • The Cold War (1946-1991) would involve the USA in an ideological war, pitting communism against democracy.