Late Middle Ages 1000 – 1500 CE

1. Late Middle Ages1000 – 1500 CE World History I Heritage High School Mr. Swartz

2. Essential Questions: • What events helped nation-states develop in England, France, Spain, and Russia? • What were key events and effects of the Crusades? • How did the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) alter Europe economically and socially?

3. Essential Question: What were the key events and effects of the Crusades?

4. The Crusades • The Crusades were carried out by political and religious leaders of Europe to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims • The Byzantine emperor asked the pope to assist in defending themselves against the Islamic Empire. • The Muslim Turks (aka the Ottoman Turks) were trying to conquer Constantinople and large parts of the Byzantine Empire.

5. Pope Urban II • Pope Urban II responded by calling for a “holy war” or crusade to push back the Muslims and “reclaim” the Holy Land • The Holy Land was parts of Middle East including Israel, Syria, and particularly the city of Jerusalem • In his speech calling for the crusade, he said that those who fought and died in the Crusades that all of their sins would be forgiven and they would be guaranteed a spot in heaven • thousands of people responded to the call

6. The Crusaders • There were also economic, societal, and religious motives for the Crusades: • Kings and the Church: a way to get rid of knights who needed a purpose so they would stop fighting each other and threatening the peace in the kingdoms • Younger Sons: a way to gain prestige, status, and maybe even some wealth in society since in medieval times since the oldest son inherited everything • Knights and Commoners - they were fired up by their religious zeal (passion)

7. Video Clip • The Dark Ages Part 10 - The Crusades • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-niTeTY7pw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

8. The First and Second Crusades • Began in 1096 • No strategy and mostly unprepared troops • Successful in retaking Jerusalem on July 15, 1099 • Most of the warriors went home afterwards • Left city vulnerable to recapture which happened in the Second Crusade (1147) • 1187: Jerusalem falls to Muslims under Saladin

9. The Third Crusade • Began in 1189 • Produced two highly respected military leaders • Saladin (1138 – 1193) • Richard the Lionheart (1157 – 1199) from England • After series of battles, the two agreed to a truce • Jerusalem remained in Muslim control • Christian pilgrims would have safe passage

10. The Fourth Crusade • Began in 1204 • Greedy Christian warriors entered Constantinople • Looted the city • Set fire to most of the city • Another cause of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church

11. The Other Crusades • There were about nine crusades between 1096 and 1272 • The later ones were not blessed by the pope • Most of the Crusades ended in Muslim victory especially the later ones • Children’s Crusade - 1212 • stories about groups of children or the “wandering poor” that wanted to go to Jerusalem • many died along the way or were sold into slavery

12. Effects of the Crusades • Weakened the Pope and nobles • Strengthened monarchs • Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims • Weakened the Byzantine Empire • Increased demand for Middle Eastern products • Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets • Encouraged use of credit and banking • Brought Greco-Roman studies and Muslim innovations back to Europe which helped revive learning and creativity

13. The Crusades

14. Review Question: Name 2 effects of the Crusades.

15. The Emergence of Nation-States • A nation-state is a large group of people who • Are ruled by one central government • Share a common language • Feel a sense of loyalty to the group • The rise of nation-states is one of the most important developments in Europe in the late Middle Ages • Result of European monarchs consolidating (or merging) power • Marked end of feudalism and the decline of the political power of the Church

16. Nation-States (con’t.) • Before the rise of nation-states, most people more concerned with local rulers than who was king • Might not have even shared same language as the king • People went to war for local lords • Thought of themselves as Christians, united by the Christian Church • By the year 1430, this attitude had completely changed

17. England • Key Events:

18. William the Conqueror • William – Duke of Normandy • 1066 – crossed English Channel to add the rich Anglo-Saxon lands to his personal property • October 14, 1066 – fought the Saxons under Harold Godwinson and won after Harold was killed • United most of England and most of present-day France under his control

19. Video Clip • William the Conqueror - Justin Timberlake’s “Sexyback” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8A5gRe_Dw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

20. Development of Common Law • Under King Henry II (ruled 1154 – 1189), helped elevate the importance of common law • Strengthened royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year • Collected taxes, settled lawsuits, punished crimes • Introduced use of a jury in the courts • Over time, the rulings by the royal judges formed a unified body of law • Became basis for law in England and the United States • In the US, this led to “judicial power” or the power of the bench to legislate as laid out in Article III of the Constitution

21. Magna Carta • King John was a bad king who was mean to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of them to finance his wars • The nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215 • Main goal – limit the king’s power and protect rights • The Magna Carta guaranteed certain basic political rights • No taxation without representation • Right to a jury trial • Right to protection of the law

22. Parliament • In 1295, King Edward I needed funds for war against the French • Summoned two citizens of wealth and two knights from every part of England to serve as a parliament, or legislative body • Brought together by the kings whenever a new tax or funds were needed • Eventually became more and more powerful • Developed into two assemblies • House of Commons • House of Lords

23. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • Fought between England and France • Started over claim to French throne • Important battles: • Battle of Crecy (Aug.26, 1346): English archers defeated French knights • Battle of Poitiers (1356): English victory • Battle of Agincourt (1415): English victory • These battles end the usefulness of knights

24. Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) • Convinced God sent her to rescue France • Led French victory at Battle of Orleans • Helped make Charles VII king of France • Captured in 1430 and turned over to the Church • Condemned as a witch and a heretic • Burned at the stake on May 30, 1431

25. Impact of the Hundred Years’ War • Ends with French driving out the English • Weakened the economies of both countries • Gave birth to nationalism • People now thought of kings as a national leader • Now fought for the glory of the country, not a local feudal ruler • Strengthened the English Parliament • Strengthened the French monarchy

26. France • Hugh Capet – king of France • Established French throne in Paris • His dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France • Hundred Years’ War helped define France as nation • Joan of Arc was a unifying factor

27. Spain • In 710, the Moors had conquered Spain • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married and ruled jointly under a Christian monarchy • Reconquista – removed Muslims and Jews from Spain • The Spanish Inquisition: program to make sure Jews that stayed had converted to Christianity • those who were caught practicing Jewish traditions were burned at the stake • Phillip II – expanded the Spanish Empire into the Western Hemisphere

28. Video Clip • History of the World Part I - The Spanish Inquisition • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hEh2NH6teY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

29. Russia • Mongols conquered Russia in the early 1200s • Gave local control to princes who paid tribute • Ivan the Great refused to pay the tribute • Threw off the rule of the Mongols • Centralized power in Moscow • Expanded territory as more Russians came under control of single Russian government • Became the first czar (Russian for caesar) • Power became centralized in the hands of the czar • The Orthodox Church influenced unification of Russia

30. Review Question: What was an event that helped establish England and France as nation-states?

31. Impact of the Black Death • During the 14th Century – the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) decimated the populations of Asia and Europe • Spread by fleas on black rats • Caused drastic decline in population • Killed at least 1/3 of Europe’s population • Led to scarcity of labor • Freed towns from feudal obligations • Disruption of trade • Decline in power and influence of the Roman Catholic Church

32. End of the Middle Ages • The Mongols invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia • Destroyed cities and countryside • Created an empire (The Ottoman Empire) • Revival of learning ushered in the Renaissance • Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 • Ended the Byzantine Empire • Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire • Renamed Istanbul