Texas Native Americans

1. Texas Native Americans

2. The Western Gulf Culture • Karankawa • Coahuiltecan • Pronounced (coahwheeltecan)

3. Karankawa • Hunter-gatherers lived from present day Galveston to Corpus Christi Bay (Gulf Coastal Plains) • They were nomads • Used dugout canoes to paddle through bays and inlets • During the spring and summer, the Karankawa moved away from the coast. • They camped near rivers and springs on flat costal prairie.

4. Hunting and Shelter • Men hunted with large wooden bows and arrows • Traps were used to fish • They also hunted deer and small animals • They built portable wigwams – circular huts made from bent wooden poles covered with animal skin. Each wigwam could house 7-8 people.

5. Karankawa Clothing • Because of hot summers and mild winters not much clothing was worn • Men wore a little cloth around the waist, or nothing at all • Women wore deerskin or grass skirts • They painted themselves with bright colors • Alligator fat or dirt was used as insect repellent

6. Karankawa Family • Treated children with kindness and much love • Children were given two names one known only to close family • They believed that the secret name carried magic that protected children from danger

7. Karankawa Ending • The Karankawa fell ill and died at an alarming rate in the 1500’s. • Why do you think this happened?

8. Coahuiltecan (coahwheeltecan) • Were also nomads who hunted and gathered • Lived in Southern Texas (South Texas Plain) were the climate was too dry to support farming • Their clothing was much like the Karankawa (very little) • Both men and women wore long hair, hanging down to the waist

9. Coahuiltecan Tools • Archaeologist believe that they did not use many tools • They were limited to stone hammers, knives, bows and baskets

10. Coahuiltecan Food • Hunted buffalo, deer and small mammals • The men dug pits to trap javelinas • They started fires to drive animals toward waiting hunters. • Their diet included ant eggs, lizards, snakes, spiders and worms

11. Coahuiltecan Night Life • They worked hard to survive, but made time for fun! • Groups would gather for feasting and dancing at all-night celebrations called mitotes. • These gatherings celebrated special events such as religious occasions, victory in battle, or plentiful food supply.

12. Coahuiltecan Shelter • They did not build wigwams, but instead placed animal skin over bent branches to sleep and rest under • They laid on grass or deerskin beds

13. Coahuiltecan Ending • Many died from disease in the 1500’s • The survivors adapted to change and began to live among the Spanish abandoning their traditional way of life.

14. The Southeastern Culture • Caddo • Wichita • Atakapa

15. The Caddo (Cad-oh) • Moved into eastern Texas from present-day Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma more than 1,000 years ago. • The rich soil and abundant rain allowed for the growing of crops

16. Caddo Farming • The Caddo built permanent villages and became expert farmers • Many of their methods are used by Texans today! • They used crop rotation – a system of growing different crops on the same land over a period of years. This prevents the soil from wearing out.

17. They set aside seeds for the next years crops • Practiced slash and burn farming. • Burned forest to provide land for growing crops. • Grown were beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds, and tobacco.

18. In most Texas Indian groups women farmed, BUT the Caddo valued farming so highly that the men shared farming responsibility. • Men cleared the fields and made farming tools. • Tools were hoes made of wood, or shoulder blades of buffalo.

19. Caddo Society • Large population because of plentiful constant supply of food • This allowed some people to take on special jobs. • They were organized into three confederacies – these groups shared a common language and were allies. • Allies-friends who supported one another.

20. Each confederacy built temples and mounds that were used for religious events. • These mounds were also used as burial sites for important religious or political leaders.

21. Matrilineal Society • Families were traced through the mother’s side. • When couples married they lived with the wife’s family • Women made the important decisions concerning the family.

22. Shelter • The men built sound sturdy houses. • They would plaster the outside of their houses with mud.

23. Caddo Hunting and Fishing • When fishing they would bait a series of hooks and tie them to a string that was stretched across a creek. • They used bow and arrows to hunt deer, buffalo and small animals.

24. Clothing • During the cold winter months men and women wore clothing made from animal skins. • In the summer they wore deerskin breechcloth. • Women wore clothes/skirts made from grass and straw. • They tattooed their bodies and would also wear paint.

25. Caddo’s and Europeans • The Caddo were one of the first tribes the Europeans met. • Despite the difficulties the Europeans brought the Caddo played an important role in Texas history.

26. The Wichita • Lived to the west of the Caddo along the Red River. • They like the Caddo had a confederacy with 4 different groups. • Waco • Taovaya • Tawakoni • Wichita

27. Wichita Arrival • The Wichita were originally from Kansas and Oklahoma. • They moved into North Texas in the 1700’s. • This was after the Spanish had brought horses into the area.

28. Wichita Life • They used horses to hunt buffalo and deer. • They lived along creeks and rivers, where they grew beans, corn, melon, and squash.

29. Physical Characteristics • Like the Caddo, they tattooed their bodies. • Women tattooed circles around their eyes and lines from their lips to their chins. • Men tattooed their eyelids and a short line at the corner of each eye. • This made them look like raccoons! • They called themselves raccoon eyes.

30. The Atakapa • Lived from Galveston Island to the Sabine River and into present day Louisiana. • Part lived close to the coast and others lived more inland.

31. Atakapa by the Coast • The land wash marshy. • Saltwater sometimes flooded the land, so farming was impossible in this area. • They used wooden fish traps. • They also used canoes to gather shellfish which they raked from the sea bottom.

32. The Inland Atakapa • The Atakapa who lived inland from the gulf farmed. • They grew several vegetables, but corn was their primary crop. • They may have learned how to farm from the Caddo. • They also hunted wild game with bows. • Part of their diet were alligators and buffalo.

33. The Pueblo Culture • Only had one tribe called the Pueblo. • Today they are called the Jumano.

34. The Jumano • In Northern New Mexico a group of people called the Pueblo lived as farmers. • They built permanent houses cut out of adobe – Made by drying clay bricks in the sun. • Sometime between the years 1000 and 1200 they moved into Texas along the Rio Grande.

35. Name Change Pueblo  Jumano • The Pueblos who moved south down the river are known today as the Jumano. • Adobe villages were built along the Rio Grande.

36. Jumano Food • They grew crops despite the intense heat and dry summers. • Farming was done close to the Rio Grande. • Advantages/disadvantages?

37. The Jumano gathered wild plants for nourishment. • Buffalo was their main source of protein.

38. Jumano Expansion • Some Jumano became Nomads. • They moved into the plains of western and central Texas. • They supplied their brothers near the Rio Grande with meat and hides. • The Jumano had many allies. • Trading was done with tribes to the east and west.

39. Villages near the Rio • Their villages were huge! • They had 10,000 people living in only five villages. • We have less than 700 students attending Tolar I.S.D.!

40. Houses • The houses held around 30-40 people. • They built multiple houses around a central plaza. • Jumano houses were made of wood and adobe which helped keep they cool. • The roofs were flat and made from tree branches. • They often painted the inside of their houses with vibrant colors.

41. Not all Jumano lived in the village. • Some lived in separate adobe houses or grass huts. • The Jumano nomads lived in temporary shelters made from animal hide or grass.

42. Jumano Battle • Trading was done with allies, but they also had enemies. • Apache and Jumano did not get along. • The Jumano would fight with heavy clubs and shields made of buffalo hide. • They were experts at molding hides into clothing and protection, this was done by beating the hide with stone.

43. Appearance • Jewelry was made of copper, coral and turquoise. • Clothes were made from animal hides. • Tattoos were striped down their faces.

44. Jumano Hair • Women wore their hair long and tied it to the head with a hair band. • Men shaved it all except on the middle of the head. • They would leave a little mohawk down the middle of the head and on the very top a long lock of hair which was fastened with feathers. • They would paint the mohawk.

45. Disease, Drought, and Apache • In the 1500’s the Spanish arrived and befriended the Jumano. • The two traded Jumano goods for Spanish horses. • Spaniards also introduced disease to the Jumano. • This killed much of the tribe.

46. Drought • Drought hit Texas very hard in the 16 and 1700’s. • This dried up many of the rivers and farming became very difficult. • Much of the grass also died driving the buffalo to move away. • The tribe was left with no way to irrigate and nothing to hunt.

47. The Last Straw • The Apache constantly attacked the Jumano. • Apache’s longed for the Jumano’s trade connections and hunting ground. • In the early 1680’s Juan Sabeata asked the Spanish for protection against the Apache. • Juan Sabeata had once lived with the Spanish, but adopted the Jumano way of life. • Although Sabeata knew many Spaniards his request was ignored.

48. Survivors • Any Jumano that survived joined other tribes or adopted the Spanish way of life.

49. The Plains Culture Area • The Great Plains stretch from Canada into Southern Texas. • Native Americans of the Plains hunted buffalo. • They would hunt them by foot, sometimes chasing a herd off a cliff to kill many at once.

50. Plains Tribes • Tonkawa • Apache • Comanche • Kiowa