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Rise of Totalitarianism. Totalitarianism. Totalitarianism Form of government in which a political authority(usually a dictator) exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life within a society Permits no individual freedoms
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Totalitarianism • Totalitarianism • Form of government in which a political authority(usually a dictator) exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life within a society • Permits no individual freedoms • In a totalitarian state citizens are expected to be completely loyal and actively engaged in supporting the goals of the state • Goals are promoted through the use of propaganda • Power is held through terror and use of secret police • After WWI totalitarian states arise in countries such as German, Italy and the Soviet Union. Question #1: What are some different types of governments that could be considered totalitarian?
Rise of The Soviet Union • Russian Civil War(1918-1921) • The Bolsheviks were known as the Reds • Those opposed to the Bolsheviks were the Whites • After Red Army defeats all opposition the Communist Soviet Union is born • Joseph Stalin- gradually gains power in Soviet Union after death of Lenin in 1924 • Five-Year Plans-meant to industrialize Soviet Union • The state would set goals for industries to meet • Put an emphasis on heavy industries such as coal, oil, iron, steel and electricity • Collectivization of Farms- meant to overcome food crisis in Soviet Union • Policy of taking peasant farms and forcing them to work on larger state controlled collective farms • 26 million family farm250,000 collective farms • Millions of citizens were put to death or imprisoned on Stalin’s orders Question#2: What characteristics of a totalitarian government are evident in the Soviet Union?
Fascist Italy • Rise of Fascism • Fascism is a form of totalitarianism • The Fascist Party • Founded by Benito Mussolini in 1919 • Fascists were determined to turn Italy from a democracy into a dictatorship • October 1922- Mussolini and 10,000 armed Fascists march on Rome • Mussolini in Power-known as “Il Duce” • Turns Italy into a Fascist dictatorship • All other political parties outlawed • Secret police arrested critics of government • Government regulated all economic activities • Media was under strict government censorship • Schools taught that individuals existed to serve the state • Youth groups set up to train children Questions #3: What characteristics of a totalitarian government is evident in Mussolini’s Fascist Dictatorship?
Nazi Germany • Rise of Nazism • Nazism is also a form of totalitarianism • Modeled after Fascist State in Italy • Gained popularity for two reasons • The Treaty of Versailles • Economic Depression • The Nazi Party • Based on nationalism, militarism and racism • Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the Nazi Party • Told the Germans they were a superior race(Aryan race) • Scapegoat-an individual, group or country singled out for unfair negative treatment or blame. • Blames the Jews for all the problems in Germany and around the world • Mein Kampf(My Struggle) • Book written by Hitler while in jail for failed revolt • Outlined Hitler’s racist ideas and plans for world domination Question#4: Why would Germany be the perfect place for Hitler and the Nazis to gain power?
Hitler Comes to Power • January 1933- Hitler offered office of Chancellor by German President Paul von Hindenburg • Hitler quickly used his popularity to end democracy in Germany • The Third Reich • Hitler turned Germany into a dictatorship and named himself Fuhrer • Hitler now controlled industrial and agricultural production, education, newspapers and radio broadcasts • Hitler’s orders were strictly enforced by the SS(Storm Troopers) and the Gestapo(German secret police) • Political enemies, gypsies, the handicapped, gays and million of Jews were sent to concentration camps Question #5: What characteristics of a Totalitarian government are evident in Hitler’s Germany?
Nazi Propaganda • Hitler appoints Dr. Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda and National Enlightenment • Two Main Goals of Propaganda Techniques • To create a positive image of Hitler and the Nazis • To create of negative view of those considered enemies(especially the Jews) • 1933 Goebbels set up the Reich Chamber of Commerce • Members appointed by Nazi Party • Only people allowed to produce any forms of literature or media • Meant to keep opposition to their rule to a minimum • Public Book Burnings • Books that did not match the Nazi ideal was burnt in public • Loyal Nazis ransacked libraries to burn the “offending” books • The People’s Receivers • Cheap radios sold to the public so they could hear all of Hitler’s speeches • Loud speakers assembled in the streets • All public stores ordered to play Hitler’s speeches • “Cathedral of Light” • Arenas that could hold 400,000 people were built in Nuremberg surrounded by 150 search lights • August of each year huge rallies were held in these arenas • Search lights could been seen miles away Question#6: Why do you think Hitler and the Nazis put such an emphasis on the use of propaganda in Germany?
Hitler Youth Propaganda “He alone who owns the youth, gains the future.”
Hitler Controls the Youth • In 1930’s Hitler trained and turned the youth in Germany into “Good Nazis” • “Tattle Tales”- trained young Germans to turn in enemies of the state • German Education System • German schools were turned into Nazi training centers(Brainwashing) • Teachers swore to make students into “Good Nazis” • Racial Education-children taught to hate the Jews • Hitler Youth(Boys 6-18) • Trained to be good soldiers, taught Nazi philosophy, and swore an oath to Hitler • League of German Maidens(Girls 10-18) • Trained survival techniques and how to be “Proper Nazi Mothers” Question#7: Why would Hitler put so much effort into training the youth of Germany?
Anti-Jewish Propaganda • Attempted to connect Jews to all problems facing Germany during the 1930’s. • Reinforces traditional stereotypes(a widely held view or idea about a particular people) about Jews • Tried to create negative feelings towards all Jews • Tried to dehumanize the Jews-make them seem less than human Question#8: What are the messages being delivered in the pieces of propaganda to the right?
The Poison Mushroom A Children’s Book
Causes of World War II • The Treaty of Versailles • Punishment of Germany after WWI left the Germans embarrassed and largely in debt to the Allies • Italy and Japan felt they should have gained more territory from the treaty • Global Economic Depression • After WWI many European economies were unstable • The American Great Depression sent to the world into a Global Depression • As economies crumbled and unemployment rose people turned to strong dictators for help • Rise of Totalitarian Governments • Dictators came to power in countries such as Germany and Italy on the promise of returning their nations back to former glory • Militarism • Building up of a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war • Glorification of war incorporated into all aspects of society in totalitarian states • Nationalism • Totalitarian states emphasized the superiority of their nation over others • Appeasement • Policy of giving in to an enemy’s demands in order to avoid further conflict • Adopted by British and French after WWI Question#1: Of these causes of WWII which do you feel would be the primary reason for the outbreak of war?
A Storm is Brewing • Japanese Aggression in Asia • September 1931- The Japanese seize Manchuria(region in Northeast China) for raw materials • The Second Sino-Japanese War(1937 to 1945)- Japan attempts to conquer all of China • Italian Aggression in Africa • October 1935- Italy invades north African country of Ethiopia • German Aggression in Europe • In 1935 Hitler began violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles • The Rhineland- border area between Germany and France • 1936- Hitler sends troops into the area violating Treaty of Versailles • Annexation of Austria • 1938- Hitler united German-speaking Austria with Germany also violating the Treaty of Versailles • The Sudetenland-area in Western Czechoslovakia containing 3 million Germans • 1938- Hitler demands Sudetenland be united with Germany • Munich Conference- Sudetenland given to Germany • March 1939-Hitler took over the remainder of Czechoslovakia Question #2: What British and French policy allowed these events to take place without any consequences?
World War II Begins • Hitler Gains Support • 1940- Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis signed-military and economic alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • 1939- Hitler and the Soviet Union unexpectedly sign a non aggression pact • Soviet Union and Germany pledge not to attack each other • Soviet Union would gain half of Poland should Germany invade • September 1, 1939- German forces invade Poland • September 3, 1939- Great Britain and France declare war on Germany • From Stalemate to Blitzkrieg • Blitzkrieg(lightening war)- Military tactic based on speed and surprise • Aided by German diver bombers and Panzer tanks, mobilized troops and artillery would overrun enemy positions • Use of the Blitzkrieg tactic allowed Germany to quickly capture the countries of Norway, Denmark, Belgium and Holland Question#3: How is the introduction of Blitzkrieg going to change the way WWII is fought in comparison to WWI?
France Surrenders • The Maginot Line- series of fortifications along the French and German Border • Maginot Line fails as Germany invades France through Belgium • Allied forces of Britain and France pushed back to the beaches of Dunkerk • The British evacuate as many British and French troops as possible back to Great Britain • June 1940- France surrenders to Germany • Germans divide France into two parts • Occupied France(North)-Controlled by German forces • Vichy France(South)-administered by pro-German French officials • After the fall of France, Great Britain now stood alone as Germany’s only opposition. Question #4: Which country do you feel will be the next target of Germany?
Britain Stands Alone • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and Japan • Allied Powers: Great Britain and France, joined later by United States and Soviet Union. • The Battle of Britain Begins(August1940-September1940) • Hitler believed that an invasion of Great Britain could only occur if they destroyed the RAF(Royal Air Force) • German Luftwaffe(German Air Forces) began by bombing British airfields, shipping centers and factories • Due to strong resistance from the RAF Germans decide to perform bombings during the night • Radar and blackouts help the RAF in defending Britain • “The Blitz”- German Luftwaffe attacks major British cities, especially London • RAF comes to the defense on London-air battles taking place over London day and night • September 17, 1940-Hitler postpones the invasion plans of Britain Question #5: Having suspended the attack on Great Britain where do you think Hitler will turn his attention to next?
Operation Barbarossa • June 22, 1941- 3 million German forces pour into the Soviet Union breaking the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • Tactical surprise and the effectiveness of Blitzkrieg allowed German forces to advance deep into Soviet territory • December 1941- German forces are on the outskirts of Moscow • German advance halted by the Russian winter • The Battle of Stalingrad(September 1942-February 1943) • Considered by many to be turning point of WWII in Europe • Hitler orders the attack on Stalingrad despite its lack of strategic importance • One of the most brutal battles in all of World War II • Germans gain control of most of the city in the beginning, but Soviets launch counterattack • German 6th Army(250,000 to 300,000 men) surrounded by Soviet forces • Hitler orders soldiers to fight to last man and not surrender • February 2, 1943- German 6th Army surrenders- Soviets win Battle of Stalingrad Question #6: What are some of the mistakes made by Hitler during Operation Barbarossa?
The Holocaust • The Holocaust- systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of nearly 6 million Jews by the Nazi regime(Greek word meaning “sacrifice by fire”) • Genocide-the deliberate destruction of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group • The Nuremberg Laws • When Hitler came to power in 1933 he passed the Nuremberg Laws which stripped Jews of their rights and citizenship(Jews forced to wear yellow Star of David) • Outlawed marriage between Jews and people of “German blood” • Defined Jew as person with 3 or 4 grandparents that were Jewish • April 1, 1933- Nationwide boycotting of Jewish owned businesses • November 9, 1938- Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”) • Synagogues, Jewish businesses, homes, schools, hospitals and cemeteries were vandalized • 30,000 Jews were arrested by German police despite being victims • Hitler warns that if the world is plunged into another war the result would be the annihilation of European Jews Questions #7: What actions did Hitler take to single out the Jews in Nazi Germany?
Concentration to Death Camps • Concentration Camps- refers to camps in which people were imprisoned or confined usually under harsh conditions. • Shortly after Hitler comes to power in 1933 the first concentration camps are set up for any political enemies of the Nazi regime • As more and more people were imprisoned more and more concentration camps were set up throughout Germany • Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals , and others that were deemed “inferior” were sent to these concentration camps • The Final Solution- Nazi plan for the mass annihilation of European Jews • 1941- Killing Centers begin to be established in German-occupied Poland • Millions of European Jews sent by railway to their deaths • Most famous death camps were Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec and Najdanek(all located in Poland) • Millions of people were killed in death camps by starvation, disease, shooting and asphyxiation in gas chambers • As the Allies begin pushing German forces back into Germany many death camps are liberated and people see the true horror taking place Question #7: What lessons can be learned from the horrors of the Holocaust?
American Isolation • The Great Depression • October 1929- American stock market crashes and the country is sent into the Great Depression • 1933- 13 to 15 million Americans unemployed and half the country’s banks had failed • Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes President on promise of getting America out of the depression • The New Deal • Legislation proposed by Roosevelt to create jobs and get America out of the depression • While the New Deal did help America’s economy, WWII is what ultimately ends the Great Depression Question #8: Why would war be the reason for America climbing out of the Great Depression?
Pearl Harbor • 1941- Lend Lease Acts allowed America to supply arms to Allies • “A Date Which Will Live in Infamy” • December 7, 1941- American Pacific Fleet is surprisingly attacked by the Japanese at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii • An attack fleet was sent across the Pacific to within 200 miles of Hawaii • Japanese aircrafts took off from aircraft carriers in two waves • Japanese pilots first destroyed 3 American airfields • Attack on Battleship Row • 7 American battleships were lined up on Battleship Row that day • The Japanese attack centered around destroying those battleships • Battleships such as the Arizona, Nevada, West Virginia, Oklahoma and the California were either heavily damaged, sunk or flipped over • Even though the attack was only 2 hours long it killed nearly 3,000 Americans and crippled the American Pacific Naval Fleet • December 8, 1941- The United States declares war on Japan • Germany and Italy declare war on the United States • The United States had officially entered in World War II Question 9: What did Japanese Admiral Yamamoto mean when he said that the Japanese may have awoken a “sleeping giant” after their attack on Pearl Harbor?
War on the Home Front • American entrance into WWII completely transformed everyday life back at home • Items such as food, gas, rubber and clothing were rationed • Scrap metal drives were put together for use in building ammunition and weapons • Women in WWII • Large numbers of American men enlisted or were drafted into the armed forces • Women moved from the home and into positions of labor to help supply the war cause • 1941- Formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps(WAAC)- Later the Women’s Army Corps(WAC) • African Americans in WWII • 2.5 million African American registered for the draft • African American women were volunteering for the WAC’s • African American men served in all branches of the American armed forces Question #10: Why was there a greater need for the service of women, both home and abroad, during WWII?
Japanese Internment • Over 120,000 American citizens of Japanese ancestry were imprisoned during WWII • Two-Thirds of prisoners were Japanese Americans born in the United States • American fear of Japanese Spies led to these imprisonments • February 1942- President Roosevelt signs executive order #9066 for relocation of all Americans of Japanese ancestry to internment camps • Conditions were hard in relocation camps • Food was mass produced army style grub • Anyone who attempts to escape was shot and killed • After the war many could not return to their hometowns and faced much prejudice • 1988- Japanese internees receive $20,000 from US government as apology Question #11: Could Japanese internment be categorized as a “necessity of war”?
Theaters of WWII Europe Asia Atlantic Ocean North Africa Pacific
The War in The Pacific • After their attack on Pearl Harbor the Japanese turn their attention on grabbing hold of American possessions in the Pacific • December 8, 1941- Japanese begin bombing the islands of Wake and Guam, as well as airfields on the Philippine islands • By late December 1941- the Japanese military had gained control of Guam, Wake and the British-controlled cities of Hong Kong and Singapore • The Bataan Death March • At the end of December 1941 the Japanese attempt an invasion of the Philippines • General MacArthur and his troops are forced back onto the Bataan peninsula • March 17, 1942- MacArthur flees the Philippines to Australia and vows “I shall return” • April 9, 1942- 90,000 US and Filipino troops surrender to the Japanese • The captured troops forced to march 60 miles to a Japanese prisoner of war camp • Only 54,000 make it their destination Question #12: Why do you think the Japanese were able to enjoy early successes against the United States in the Pacific?
American Fortunes Improve • Until May 1942 the Allies were losing the war in the Pacific • The Coral Sea Battles • The Allies learn of Japanese plans to invade Tulagi in the Solomon Islands of the Pacific • May 3 to May 8, 1942- Intense sea battles take place in the Coral Sea just north of Australia • The allies destroy two major Japanese aircraft carriers and many Japanese airplanes • The Coral Sea Battles were the first Japanese defeats in the Pacific • The Battle of Midway • The Japanese decide plan to take over US controlled Midway Island • Allies catch wind of Japanese plans for attack on Midway and ambush the Japanese fleet on its way to Midway • June 4, 1942- Japan Launches its attack on Midway • The Allies destroy 18 Japanese naval ships • The defeat at Midway halts Japanese advance in the Pacific and forces Japan to go on the defense. Question #13: Why can these battles be seen as the turning point for the war in the Pacific?
On the Offensive • After the Battle of Midway the Japanese fleet in the Pacific had been weakened • Operation Cartwheel- the Allied plan to reconquer territories lost to Japan in the Pacific in a two pronged assault • General Douglas Macarthur leads one prong south from Australia through New Guinea and up to the Philippines • Admiral Chester Nimitz led the other prong straight to Japan by conquering the tiny islands in the Central Pacific • Island Hopping- military tactic used by the Allies in the Pacific where they invaded selected strategic targets and bypassed others • By 1944 American forces had cleared the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Guam and the Marianas island chain • The Fight for the Philippines • Begins with the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 • By March of 1945 Manila lay in ruins • 38,000 American casualties and 400,000 civilian and Japanese military casualties Question #14: Why do you think the Americans used the strategy of island hopping in their Pacific campaign?
The Allies March Toward Japan • The Battle of Iwo Jima(February 19 to March 26, 1945) • The island lays only 500 miles from Japan(strategic importance) • Japanese constructed an elaborate system of fortified caves, dugouts and tunnels to protect the island • US Marines invade the beaches of the tiny volcanic island • 20,000 Japanese troops defended the island against the Marines • Marines had to use flamethrowers and grenades to destroy fortifications of the Japanese • 7,000 Marines lost their lives at Iwo Jima, another 18,000 wounded • The Battle of Okinawa • Okinawa was to be the landing point for the invasion of the Japanese mainland. • April 1, 1945- The Battle of Okinawa begins and lasts 82 days • Despite heavier than expected losses the Americans are able to defeat the Japanese, killing nearly 70,000 Japanese soldiers and 100,000 civilians • Kamikaze Attacks- suicide mission by Japanese pilots of dive-bombing warships with planes full of explosives • As loss in the Pacific was becoming more evident Japanese pilots use this tactic out of desperation. Question #15: After the battles of Okinawa and Iwo Jima why do you feel American army officials began to fear a ground invasion of Japan?
Allies Make Progress • The North African Campaign • 1942- Combined US and British troops focus on driving German and Italian forces out of North Africa • Gaining control of North Africa held strategic importance to the Allies • May 1943- Allies force German and Italian forces to surrender in North Africa • The Liberation of Italy • July 1943- Allied forces led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower land in Sicily • September 1943- Allied forces leaves Sicily and lands on mainland Italy-Italian government surrenders to Allies • June 4, 1944- Allied troops capture Italian capital of Rome • Italian Fascist government had been overthrown and Mussolini captured and killed Question #16: Why was Allied victory in North Africa important for them to liberate Europe from Nazi control?
D-Day • Prior to Allied invasion in Western Europe they heavily bombed German centers of industry to weaken their supply lines • General Dwight D. Eisenhower- Supreme Commander of Allied Troops • Erwin Rommel(Desert Fox)- German Field Marshal in Europe • June 6, 1944- Allied forces invade the beaches of Normandy, France • American troops invade beaches code-named “Utah” and “Omaha”, British invade “Gold” and “Sword” beaches, and Canadian troops invaded “Juno” beach. • Despite obstacles to their plan of attack, the Allied troops are able to secure all 5 beaches of Normandy. • Allied forces lose more than 10,000 troops during the invasion • August 25, 1944- Allied troops march into Paris and liberate the city Question #17: Why was D-Day such an important event for the Allies in WWII?
V-E Day • The Battle of the Bulge(December 16, 1944- January 25, 1945) • Last major German offensive of the war • Nazi armored tank divisions attempted to break through Allied front lines • Attack is successful at first causing a bulge in the Allied front lines • Nazi supply lines cannot keep up with advancements • American casualties reached 81,000 and Germans were 100,000 • The March to Berlin • Soviets pushing back German forces in the East • American and British forces pushing German forces back in the West • Hitler ordered all Germans to defend Berlin at all costs • April 30, 1945- Hitler and his wife commit suicide in his underground bunker • May 8, 1945- Germany officially surrenders • Nuremberg Trials • Series of military tribunals held for high ranking Nazi officials • Most admit to crimes while others say they were simply following orders. • Many of highest ranking officials were sentenced to death Question #18: Why would Hitler commit suicide as the Germans were about to lose the war?
V-J Day • April 12, 1945- FDR Dies and Harry Truman becomes President • After the Allies gain control of Iwo Jima and Okinawa they are ready for invasion of mainland Japan • Many begin to fear how many lives will be lost to carry out the invasion • The Manhattan Project- US government research project that produced the first atomic bomb • Scientists such as Albert Einstein warned FDR about the need for a research program focused on atomic technology • After first successful controlled nuclear reaction funding exploded • July 16, 1945- first atomic bomb tested in New Mexico • July 26, 1945- Japan is warned to surrender • August 6, 1945- Atomic bomb dropped on Japanese city of Hiroshima • Blast kills nearly 100,000 civilians injuring countless more • August 9, 1945- Atomic bomb dropped on Japanese city of Nagasaki • Blast kills nearly 80,000 more Japanese civilians • August 14, 1945- Japan surrenders unconditionally to the Allies • United Nations- new organization formed to promote world peace after WWII. Question #19: Should the United States have dropped the atomic bombs on Japan?
