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World War II. I. Dictators Threaten World Peace. Treaty of Versailles caused anger & resentment in Germany, Russia, Italy Global economic depression created massive unemployment, extreme poverty, and inflation
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I. Dictators Threaten World Peace • Treaty of Versailles caused anger & resentment in Germany, Russia, Italy • Global economic depression created massive unemployment, extreme poverty, and inflation • People turned to authoritarian leaders to solve their economic & social problems (DEMAGOGUES)
GERMAN INFLATION German inflation in 1923. One dollar = 100,000 marks.
DEMAGOGUES – “an escape from freedom” • Polarize citizens • “In group – Out group” • Target scapegoats • State propaganda • Racial/ethnic purity • Censorship • Rhetoric of hate • Bad Science • Simple solutions • Nationalism • Anti-intellectualism • -Shared mythology • Denial of responsibility • CULT OF PERSONALITY
I. Dictators Threaten World Peace D. Dictator – one holding absolute power and often oppressive control E. Dictators established totalitarian governments in which individuals have no rights & all opposition is suppressed
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (1924) Communism • Classless society w/ an equal distribution of goods. Beliefs/Goals: • Make Soviet Union a leading industrial power (Five Year Plans) • Avenge Treaty of Versailles & recover territories lost after WW I Actions: • All economic activity put under gov’t control (Socialism) • Eliminated all opposition (8-13 million dead) • Socialism is a transitional phase on way to communism
Italy Benito Mussolini (1922) “Il Duce” Fascism – Extreme nationalistic gov’t led by a dictator who places the interest of the state above those of the individual. Beliefs/Goals: • Create a new “Roman Empire” • Economic recovery • Opposed communism Actions: • Marched on Rome & was appointed head of the gov’t
Germany Adolf Hitler (1933) Nazism - Fascism w/ extreme racism, anti-semitism Beliefs/Goals: • Unite all German speaking people • Purify the German race (Aryan) • Avenge WWI & Treaty of Versailles • “Lebensraum” –expand German territory to bring economic recovery – “Living Space” • Opposed communism • Final Solution – Holocaust • Wrote Mein Kampf – My struggle Actions: • Established the Third Reich
Japan Hideki Tojo Military Imperialism • Government policy that relies on military might to gain • Hegemony (control of a region) Beliefs/Goals: • Control of China & S.E. Asia was Japan’s manifest destiny • Create living space • Secure more natural resources Actions: • Military leaders invade Manchuria, China, later Pacific Islands
II. Failure of the League of Nations A. League of Nations purpose was to prevent aggressive acts by any nation against another BUT………U.S. NEVER OFFICIALLY JOINED
B. Read pgs. 532-533 taking notes on the actions taken by the dictators of the countries below and how the League of Nations failed in dealing with each: • Japan • Germany • Italy • Spain • What collective action should the world have taken against these aggressors?
II. Failure of the League of Nations B. League of Nations failed to prevent dictators from gaining power 1.) Japan invaded Manchuria, China a. L.O.N. does nothing 2.) Hitler began to build up his army and sent troops into the Rhineland (against Treaty) a. L.O.N. does nothing 3.) Italy sent soldiers to conquer Ethiopia, Africa a. L.O.N. puts an ineffective economic boycott on Italy 4.) Fascist dictator Francisco Franco set up a totalitarian government in Spain a. L.O.N. provided only limited aid to stop Franco b. Spain falls to Fascism in 1939
On September 18th, 1932 -- in violation of all its treaty obligations -- Japan occupied Manchuria in northeast China. It was the first step on the path to World War II. America reacted with the "Stimson Doctrine," which stated that the United States would not recognize any treaty that interfered with the sovereignty of China. The League did condemn Japan…..so…..Japan quit the League of Nations.
REOCCUPATION OF THE RHINELAND – 1936 Went against Treaty of Versailles. THE GERMANS WERE WELCOMED AS LIBERATORS
ETHIOPIA MUSSOLINI HAILE SELASSIE “IT IS US TODAY…….IT WILL BE YOU TOMORROW.” The League of Nations instituted a BOYCOTT. Ethiopia fell in 1936.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR A Civil War raged in Spain. Francisco Franco led the Army in revolt against the democratically elected Spanish Republic. Many people thought THIS was the place to stop FASCISM.
GUERNICA The bombing of Guernica was an aerial attack on April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War by the GermanLuftwaffe squadron known as the Condor Legion against the Basque city of Guernica. It was, at the time, the largest aerial bombardment of a town and is seen by historians as a DRESS REHERSAL for WW II as many of the weapons and aerial strategies were tested at this time. Guernica was not a military target. Hundreds of civilians were killed or wounded.
III. The U.S. Responds Cautiously • U.S. adopted a foreign policy of isolationism • Large profits made by banks and arms merchants during WWI made Americans suspicious • 1935: Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts Outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war or engaged in civil war Renewed in 1936, 1937
ISOLATIONIST TRENDS Aviator Charles Lindbergh was head of the America First Committee which was an isolationist political organization.
DO THESE CARTOONS SEEM FAMILIAR? THEY REPRESENT THE WORK OF A YOUNG CARTOONIST WITH STRONG POLITICAL OPINIONS…….. THEODOR SEUSS GEISEL --- MORE COMMONLY KNOWN AS: DR. SEUSS
Munich Pact - 1938 • This photograph shows Adolf Hitler meeting with Neville Chamberlain over the Munich Agreement. Hitler viewed the existence of Czechoslovakia as one of the outrageous terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Among the many nationalities incorporated into Czechoslovakia were 750,000 Sudeten Germans. He saw this issue as an opportunity to occupy Czechoslovakia. Britain and France announced that Czechoslovakia should cede this territory to Germany. This is called APPEASEMENT.
March 1938 Germany conquers Austria - ANSCHLUSS September 1938 Germany takes the Sudetenland
March 1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia August 1939 Germany & Soviet Union sign the non-aggression pact September 1939 Germany invades Western Poland November 1939 Soviet Union invades Eastern Poland
SITZKRIEG “PHONY WAR” – Period of quiet before the storm (sitting war) Lull in fighting between the invasion of Poland and the invasion of Denmark and Norway French and British troops waited on the Maginot Line. The Germans waited on the Siegfried Line.
Spring 1940 Germany attacks Denmark & Norway June 1940 France surrenders to Germany Summer 1940 Germany begins air invasion of Great Britain (Battle of Britain)
Winston Churchill: British Prime Minister We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.
