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Morphology

Morphology. Inflection. Agreement. I/You always sing/*sings the same song. She always *sing/sings the same song. Agreement paradigms. ég heyr-I ‘I hear’ við heyr-um ‘we hear’ þú heyr-ir ‘you hear’ þið heyr-ið ‘you(pl) hear’ hann heyr-ir ‘he hears’ þeir heyr-a ‘they hear’

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Morphology

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  1. Morphology Inflection

  2. Agreement I/You always sing/*sings the same song. She always *sing/sings the same song.

  3. Agreement paradigms ég heyr-I ‘I hear’ við heyr-um ‘we hear’ þú heyr-ir ‘you hear’ þið heyr-ið ‘you(pl) hear’ hann heyr-ir ‘he hears’ þeir heyr-a ‘they hear’ (Icelandic) io cred-o ‘I believe’ noi cred-iamo ‘we believe’ tu cred-i ‘you believe’ voi cred-ete ‘you(pl) believe’ lui cred-e ‘he believes’ loro cred-ono ‘they believe’ (Italian)

  4. jeg hør-er ‘I hear’ vi hør-er ‘we hear’ du hør-er ‘you hear’ I hør-er ‘you(pl) hear’ han hør-er ‘he hears’ de hør-er ‘they hear’ (Danish) ek werk ‘I work’ ons werk ‘we work’ jy werk ‘you work’ julle werk ‘you(pl) work’ hy werk ‘he works’ hulle werk ‘they work’ (Afrikaans)

  5. Object agreement Pe-fi-n iñche metawe. see-3singular-1singular I vessel ‘I see the vessel’ (Mapudungun)

  6. Subject/object agreement with definite object no definite object singular plural singular plural 1 szeret-em szeret-jük szeret-ek szeret-ünk 2 szeret-ed szeret-itek szeret-sz szeret-tek 3 szeret-i szeret-ik szeret szeret-nek (Hungarian)

  7. Adjective-noun agreement de koe het paard (Dutch) de oud-e koe het oud-e paard een oud-e koe een oud paard oud-e koeien oud-e paarden

  8. More gender agreement Ov-a star-a knjiga je pal-a. this-fem.sg old-fem.sg book(fem.sg) is fallen- fem.sg (Serbo-Croat) bræður mín-ir systur mín-ar brothersmy-masc.pl sistersmy-fem.pl (Icelandic)

  9. Mood indicative subjunctive sg pl sg pl 1 dig-o dec-imos dig-a dig-amos 2 dic-es dec-ís dig-as dig-áis 3 dic-e dic-en dig-a dig-an (Spanish)

  10. Imperative mood Clean your room right now!

  11. Tense Present Past laudō ‘I praise’ laudā́bam ‘I praised’ laudās ‘you praise’ laudā́bās ‘you praised’ laudat ‘s/he praises’ laudā́bat ‘s/he praised’ laudā́mus ‘we praise’ laudābā́mus ‘we praised’ laudā́tis ‘you(pl) praise’ laudābā́tis ‘you(pl) praised’ laudant ‘they praise’ laudā́bant ‘they praised’ (Latin)

  12. Future Perfect laudā́bō ‘I will praise’ laudā́vī ‘I have praised’ laudā́bis ‘you will praise’ laudāvístī ‘you have praised’ laudā́bit ‘s/he will praise’ laudā́vit ‘s/he has praised’ laudā́bimus ‘we will praise’ laudā́vimus ‘we have praised’ laudā́bitis ‘you(pl) will praise’ laudāvístis ‘you have praised’ laudā́bunt ‘they will praise’ laudāvḗrunt ‘they have praised’

  13. Agreement on a non-finite verb: Kellemetlen volt Jánosnak az igazságot bevalla-ni-a. unpleasant was John the truth admit-inf-3sg ‘It was unpleasant for John to admit the truth.’ (Hungarian)

  14. Case Der Mann gab der Frau den Hut. (German) the man gave the woman the hat Die Frau gab dem Mann den Hut. the woman gave the man the hat Die Frau sah den Mann. the woman saw the man

  15. der Hut [des Mann-es] the hat the-gen man-gen ‘the man’s hat’ Roughly: the nominative case for subjects the genitive case for ‘possessors’ of another noun the dative case for indirect objects the accusative case for direct objects

  16. singular plural nominative femin-afemin-ae genitive femin-ae femin-arum dative femin-ae femin-is accusative femin-am femin-as (Latin)

  17. A bit more case... 1 Nominative talo house (subject) (Finnish) 2 Genitive talon of a house 3 Accusative talon house (certain direct objects) 4 Partitive taloa house (certain direct objects, certain subjects) 5 Essive talona as a house 6 Translative taloksi to a house (fig.) 7 Inessive talossa in a house 8 Elative talosta out of a house 9 Illative taloon into a house 10 Adessive talolla at a house 11 Ablative talolta from a house 12 Allative talolle to a house (concr.) 13 Abessive talotta without a house

  18. Ergative/absolutive case systems a. Der Mann schlief. (German) the-nom man slept b. Der Mann las den Artikel. the-nom man read the-acc article a. Arnaq yurartuq. (Yup’ik) woman-abs dances b. Angutem tangrraa arnaq. man-erg seeswoman-abs ‘The man sees the woman’ (NOT: ‘The woman sees the man.’)

  19. What may happen if you don’t apply agreement, mood and case inflection properly: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbI-fDzUJXI

  20. Ablaut *break-ed broke *steal-ed stole *sting-ed stung *ring-ed rang

  21. Suppletion *be-ed *bong/*bung/*bang was *go-ed *gong/*gung/*gang went

  22. Syncretism I walk-ed, you walk-ed, she walk-ed, we walk-ed, you walk-ed, they walk-ed I rang, you rang, she rang, we rang, you rang, they rang I went, you went, she went, we went, you went, they went

  23. Blocking Why do went and goed, or sang and singed, not co-exist? Blocking A more specific form blocks a less specific form.

  24. warmer, faster, quicker #more warm, #more fast, #more quick *beautifuller, *comfortabler, *typicaller more beautiful, more comfortable, more typical

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