THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. THE INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION CHAPTER 7, SECTION 1 “DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE”

2. BACKGROUND • FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS FOLLOWING THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION, MOST PEOPLE LIVED AND WORKED IN SMALL FARMING VILLAGES. • HOWEVER, A CHAIN OF EVENTS SET IN MOTION IN THE MID-1700s CHANGED THAT WAY OF LIFE FOR ALL TIME. TODAY WE CALL THIS PERIOD OF CHANGE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

3. BEGINNING IN BRITAIN… • The economic changes that Britain experienced affected people’s lives as much as previous political changes and revolutions had. • In contrast with most political revolutions, it was neither sudden nor swift. Instead, it was a long, slow uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines. *spread worldwide….

4. FROM THE 1750s TO THE 1850s, SIGNIFICANT CHANGE! • In 1750, most people worked the land, using handmade tools. They lived in simple cottages lit by firelight and candles. They made their own clothing and grew their own food. • With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the rural way of life began to disappear. By the 1850s, many country villages had grown into industrial towns and cities. Those who lived there were able to buy clothing and food that someone else produced.

5. AGRICULTURE SPURS INDUSTRY • ODDLY ENOUGH, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART BY CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPEAN FARMING. • FROM THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION SOME 11,000 YEARS AGE TO ABOUT 300 YEARS AGO, FARMING HAD REMAINED PRETTY MUCH THE SAME. • THEN A 2ND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE THAT GREATLY IMPROVED THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FARM PRODUCTS.

6. KEY PEOPLE IN AGRICULTURE…

7. Charles Townshend • ENGLISHMAN • HELPED ADVANCE AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT/ PRODUCTION • URGED FARMERS TO GROW TURNIPS WHICH RESTORED EXHAUSTED SOIL.

8. JETHRO TULL • INVENTED THE SEED DRILL, A NEW MECHANICAL DEVICE THAT HELPED FARMERS • IT DEPOSITED SEEDS IN A ROW RATHER THAN SCATTERING THEM WASTEFULLY OVER THE LAND. • MORE EFFICIENCY = GREATER PRODUCTION!!!!!!!!! *WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF THAT?

9. NEW TECHNOLOGY BECOMES KEY… • ANOTHER FACTOR THAT HELPED TRIGGER THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY. • AIDED BY NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY AND NEW MATERIALS, THESE NEW TECHNOLOGIES ENABLED BUSINESS OWNERS TO CHANGE THE WAYS WORK WAS DONE. • *NOTE: THE IMPORTANCEOF THE DUALITY OF COAL – POWER SOURCE & VITAL IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON, A MATERIAL NEEDED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINES AND STEAM ENGINES.

10. THOMAS NEWCOMEN • BRITISH INVENTOR • IN 1712, HE DEVELOPED A STEAM ENGINE TO POWERED BY COAL TO PUMP WATER OUT OF MINES.

11. JAMES WATT IMPROVED UPON NEWCOMEN’S INVENTION IN 1764 & BECAME “THE FATHER OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF WORK, WATT’S ENGINE WOULD BECOME A KEY POWER SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • **THE STEAM ENGINE OPENED THE DOOR NOT ONLY TO OPERATING MACHINERY BUT EVENTUALLY TO POWERING LOCOMOTIVES AND STEAMSHIPS.

12. ABRAHAM DARBY • USED COAL TO SMELT IRON • PRODUCED LESS EXPENSIVE AND BETTER QUALITY IRON, WHICH WAS USED TO PRODUCE PARTS FOR STEAM ENGINES • SON & GRANDSON CONTINUED TO IMPROVE ON HIS METHODS • ABRAHAM DARBY III BUILT THE WORLD’S FIRST IRON BRIDGE.

13. KEY TERMS • ANESTHETIC: DRUG THAT PREVENTS PAIN DURING SURGERY. FIRST USED BETWEEN 1830-1855 BY AN AMERICAN DENTIST • ENCLOSURE: THE PROCESS OF TAKING OVER AND CONSOLIDATING LAND FORMERLY SHARED BY PEASANT FARMERS. • SMELT: MELT IN ORDER TO GET THE PURE METAL AWAY FROM ITS WASTE MATTER.

14. Describe how the Industrial Revolution changed daily life, becoming a turning point in history? • THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGED WHERE AND HOW PEOPLE LIVED AND HOW THEY WORKED AND TRAVELED. • COMMUNITY / HOUSING CHANGES, WORKING CONDITIONS, AND TRANSPORTATION

15. Key Question: What was the impact of steam power and improved iron? • Steam power: important source of energy for operating machinery and eventually powering locomotives and steamships… efficient means to move goods and people. (demographics: job shifts and population shifts) • Improved iron: important resource / material for strong/sturdy construction for machinery, railroads, bridges and eventually STEEL!

16. BRITAIN LEADS THE WAY. • OVERVIEW • When agricultural practices changed in the 18th century, more food was able to be produced, which in turn fueled population growth in Britain. • The agricultural changes also left many farmers homeless and jobless. • These two factors led to a population boom in the cities as people migrated from rural England into towns and cities. • This population increase, in turn created a ready supply of labor to mine the coal, build the factories, and run the machines. • Population growth was just ONE factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution.

17. ST WHY BRITAIN? • NATURAL RESOURCES ABOUND: • COAL • IRON ORE • NATURAL PORTS • NAVIGABLE RIVERS • WATER POWER • CANAL CONSTRUCTION FOR INCREASED TRADE

18. WHY BRITAIN? (con’t.) • STABLE GOVERNMENT • WORLD POWER • COLONIES • CAPITAL • ENTERPRISE • ENTREPRENEURS

19. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY • BRITAIN’S LEADING INDUSTRY • STARTED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • KEY INVENTORS: • JOHN KAY • JAMES HARGREAVES • RICHARD ARKWRIGHT

20. JOHN KAY • INVENTED THE FLYING SHUTTLE, 1773 • SPED UP WEAVING

21. JAMES HARGREAVES • INVENTED THE SPINNING JENNY WHICH SPUN MANY THREADS AT THE SAME TIME • KEY IN INCREASING COTTON PRODUCTION

22. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT • INVENTED THE WATER FRAME, 1769 • A SPINNING MACHINE THAT COULD BE POWERED BY WATER

23. ELI WHITNEY • AMERICAN INVENTOR • INVENTED THE COTTIN GIN IN 1793 • SEPARATED THE SEEDS FROM THE RAW COTTON AT A FAST RATE

24. FACTORIES ARE BORN IN BRITAIN! • ORIGINALLY, LONG SHEDS BUILT BY MANUFACTURERS TO HOUSE MACHINES ALONG RIVERS TO HARNESS WATER POWER. • EVENTUALLY,THESE STRUCTURES WOULD BE POWERED BY STEAM ENGINES.

25. THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION • MONEY, MONEY, MONEY! • As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of moving goods from place to place. • TURNPIKES • CANAL • RAILROADS

26. STEAM LOCOMOTIVES • THE NEW PREFERRED MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION • NOT BOUND TO RIVER ROUTES • GREATER FLEXIBILITY • GEORGE STEPHENSON WAS AN EARLY PIONEER OF THESE…

27. ONE THING LEADS TO ANOTHER… • A CHAIN REACTION: • INVENTORS DEVELOPED MACHINES TO PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF GOODS MORE EFFICIENCY => PRICES FELL • LOWER PRICES = GREATER DEMAND

28. ALL GOOD? COULD THERE BE A DOWN SIDE? WELL, WHAT DO YOU THINK?

29. THINK-SHARE-COMPARE • THIS ACTIVITY WILL BEGIN AS AN INDEPENDENT INDIVIDUAL FREEWRITE. • STUDENTS WILL THEN SHARE THEIR ANSWERS & A GROUP PROFILE SHOULD BE COMPLETED. • EACH GROUP WILL THEN BE EXPECTED TO SHARE THEIR PROFILE WITH THE CLASS.