Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution 1700 – 1900 Chapter 25

2. Industrial Revolution • Definition: the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in the mid 1700’s

3. Agricultural Rev. paves the way • Changes in agriculture helped lead to changes in the way goods were produced • Enclosures • Seed drill • Crop rotation * As the population grew… people sought work in factories

4. 1636 1830 Today 1905 Images: LOC & Discover Edu.

5. Why England? • Politics • Stability • No wars on their soil • Laws to protect businesses • Economics • Investments • Bank loans • Factors of production- resources needed to produce goods and services • Land= natural resources • Water power and coal • Iron ore for machine construction • Rivers for inland transportation • Harbors for merchant ships • Labor= people to work • Capital= wealth ($$$)

6. More Inventions • Transportation • Steam • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_ani_beam_engine.shtml • New roads (turnpikes) • Railroads- steam locomotives • Effects • Cheap way to transport materials and finished products • Jobs for miners and RR workers • Transportation for fishing and agricultural products • Travel to and from cities for work and pleasure

7. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Textile industry • Cotton gin • Fly shuttle (doubled weaving output) • Spinning Jenny (used 8 threads at a time to weave cloth) • Water frame (power source) • Spinning Mule (combined the jenny with water frame) • Power loom * Factories emerged b/c these machines were HUGE!

8. Images from LOC and Discover education

9. Positive Effects of Industrialization • Higher wages in factories than farms • Higher standard of living • Technological advancement and inventions • Hope for improvement in lives among poor • More jobs in cities- Urbanization (city building) movement of people to cities • London and Manchester

10. A Manchester Factory 1840'S view of mills                          2) Same view in 1976 www.conservationtech.com/x-MILLTOWNS/RL-Photo...

11. Negative Effects of Industrialization • Cities grew too quickly • No development plans for sanitation, building codes, no police protection, not enough education or housing • Poor factory conditions • Epidemics due to no sanitation and close living quarters • Life span= 17 yrs in cities, 38 yrs in rural areas

13. Industrial Age Class Structure • Landowners- “old money people” or Noblility • Middle Class- skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers, bankers, factory owners, etc. • Upper and lower middle class emerged • Upper- govt workers, doctors, lawyers, factory managers, etc. • Lower- Skilled workers (mechanics, toolmakers, printers, etc) • Both enjoyed a comfortable standard of living

14. The Working Class • Those who simply worked in factories and businesses • Eventually saw loss of jobs due to machines • Working Conditions • Long hours • Injuries • No government protection • Women and children were cheap labor

16. Industrial Revolution The Spread of Industrialization Reforming the Industrial World Chapter 25 Sections 3 & 4

17. US Industrial Age • Land, Labor and Capital +++++ • Began in the textile industry • 1789- Samuel Slater emigrated to the US and built a spinning machine from memory and a “borrowed” partial design plan • Most factories were in the northeast until after the Civil War • Expanded • Railroads • Inventions- telephone, electrical expansion, light bulb

19. Corporations Develop • Entrepreneur- person who organizes, manages and takes risks on a business • Stock- sale of a business with some rights of ownership • Corporation- a business owned by stock holders who share in the profits formed when small businesses merged **** Goal= raise $ to expand business to make more $$$$$$ ****

20. Industrialization of Continental Europe • Napoleonic Wars = negative effects • Halted trade • Interrupted communications • Inflation • Wide gap in wealth b/t Britain and others • Belgium = 1st to industrialize • Had resources and another “borrowed” design

21. Others Industrialize…or Don’t • Those that did…. • Were hampered by politics, and scattered resources • Industrialized in regions or based on resources • Copied British models & even sent kids to England • RR linked the industrial regions • Had many social and economic problems • Those that did not…. • Had few resources to work with • Were mountainous (Austria and Spain) and RR could not be used for transportation and expansion • France • Avoided social & economic problems due to strong agricultural industry • Really became industrialized after 1830 when govt controlled RR

22. Impact of Industrialization • Global inequality- powerful industrialized nations hold more power over less-developed nations • Imperialism- policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands • US and Western Europe industrialized, Asia and Africa remained agricultural • Revolutionized every aspect of daily life!

23. Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez faire- “let-do” economic policy that favors free markets by letting industry and business set working conditions w/out govt interference • Came out of the Enlightenment • Adam Smith A Wealth of Nations economic liberty guaranteed economic progress through 3 natural laws of economics • Self interest • Competition • Supply and demand

24. Capitalism & Laissez Faire • Economic system in which factors of production (land, labor, capital) are owned by private individuals • 1798 population growth>food supply • w/out war and epidemics to kill people off, they would be poor and miserable • 1917 permanent under class = poverty • When resources and labor are cheap, wages and prices would be low • Believed wages would decrease as pop. Increased • Core Belief of laissez faire philosophy • Government should not help poor workers • Creating minimum wage laws = upset to free market system • Lower profits and undermine production of wealth

25. Contrasting Views • Utilitarianism- ideas, institutions, and actions should be based on their usefulness and Government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people • Utopia- a reform approach in which factory owners “took care of” workers’ needs

26. Socialism • F.O.P are owned by the public and operate for the good of all • Grew out of beliefs in progress, concern for social justice and that government should plan the economy • Government control would eliminate poverty and social injustices

27. Radical Socialism • Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto • Haves and have nots • Predicted worker revolts leading to workers controlling the government and then a class-less society • Pure Communism= a complete socialism in which all the factors of production would be owned by “the people,” no private ownership and all goods/services shared equally

28. Reform Movements • Labor Unions- fought for better working conditions, higher wages, and government regulation of businesses • Strike- refusal to work • Government response – laws to outlaw unions that were later appealed (England) • Laws- government investigations • Factory Act of 1833- no workers under age 9, 8 hrs. for 9-12 year olds and 12 hours for 13-17 year olds • Mines Act 1842- no women or children in mines • Ten Hours Act of 1847- 10 hr. days for women and children

29. Spread of Reforms • US government also set labor laws, but the Supreme Court disagreed and left them up to states • Abolishment of Slavery • England 1833 • USA 1865 • Ended in all Colonies in 1888 (Brazil was last) • Women’s rights • Push for equal pay and voting rights began • Reforms also occurred in education (Free, public for all) and prisons (protections for criminals) • Democratic ideals began to spread to other areas

30. The Age of Imperialism Chapter 27

31. The Scramble for Africa lism – the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country • Africa before Imperialism • 100s of languages and ethnic groups • Mostly traditional beliefs (some Muslim and Christian influence) • Some empires and some villages

32. The Scramble for Africa • Why was Europe not involved earlier? • Africa was too vast • Africa was too tough to navigate/explore • Africa had their own trade networks, didn’t need Europeans • Africa had some tough armies for protection

33. The Scramble for Africa • Forces that drove Imperialism • European Superiority – “We’re more civilized than they are.” • Nationalism – Pride in your country, and its accomplishments • Social Darwinism – Survival of the Fittest • Missionary work – to “save the heathens”

34. The Berlin Conference (1913) 14 European Nations 0 African Nations Why- to divide Africa among the Europeans to avoid conflicts Results- Colonization, separated tribes, united rival groups. (Long term effects continue today- Rwanda)

35. Europeans in Muslim Lands • Ottomans were failing • weak leadership, corrupt gov’t, economic problems • Why- EXCELLENT position as a cross-roads for trade between Europe, Africa, and Asia

36. British Imperialism in India • Why colonize in India? • Because of the potential economic impact that it could have for the Europeans. • Britain considered India the “Jewel in the crown” of their expansion efforts. • TONS of awesome natural resources • LOCATION for trade.

37. Positives Built Railroads Built roads Built Hospitals Built dams, bridges, and irrigation Sanitation a public health improved Schools and colleges were built, so literacy improved Cleared India of bandits and thieves Negatives British held most of the political and economic power British were racists Famine caused because Indians were reliant on cash-crops instead of food crops Revolts lead to persecution and death British Imperialism in India

38. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • Who was involved in South East Asia? • Dutch • Portuguese • British • French • United States • Results: Typical improvements to the countries colonized, and typical resentment for “intruding.” (very similar to India)

39. Summary of Imperialism IMPERIALISM • CAUSES • Nationalism • Economic Competition • Missionary Spirit DEFINITION the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country • EFFECTS • Colonization • Economic Expansion • Christianization

40. Rise of Nationalism Comparing the Nation-State in Germany and Japan

41. Political Thoughts Conservative- protecting the national monarchies (wealthy property owners and nobility) Liberal- power to elected parliaments. only educated and landowners would vote (middle-class business owners merchants) Radical- drastic changes- democracy for all

42. Blurring the lines…. Nationalism- loyalty to the nation of people sharing a common culture and history Nation-state: a nation with an independent government that represents itself to the world and defends it’s territory (In 1815 only 3 existed)

43. Effects of Nationalism Positive • Overcome differences for common good • Overthrow of colonial rule • Democratic govts • Competition leading to advancements Negative • Forced assimilation • Ethnic cleansing • Extreme movements • Competition leading to war

44. Types of Nationalist Movements Unification: Mergers of politically divided, but culturally unified lands (Germany) Separation: culturally distinct groups resist unification or break away (Greeks) State-building: culturally distinct groups form a new state and single culture (USA)

45. Time-line (Germany) Break-up of old Empires (Austrian) 1815- 39 German states- loose federation 1848- Prussia writes a liberal constitution 1968- Otto von Bismarck- master of real politics- Prime Minister Took over control (violated the Constitution)

46. Bismarck’s Policies • 1868- Prussia and Austria form alliance- war with Denmark- win land • Quick victory increased national pride • 7-Weeks War: caused trouble between Prussia and Austria- took control of N. Germany • 1870- French declare war on Prussia (manipulated by Bismarck)

47. Franco-Prussian War Who- France and Prussia Why- Supposed insult on Prussian King Final stage in German unification- now Southern Germany was on board King Wilhelm I of Prussia declared KAISER

48. Five Great European Powers Emerge Congress of Vienna- England, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia By 1871 Germany and Britain were most powerful: Shifted balance of power

49. CONCEPT CHECK • Fold your paper into 4- sections • Choose 4 items to define via picture notes Nationalism Nation State Conservative Liberal Radical Otto von Bismarck Five Great Powers

50. The Age of Democracy and Progress1815 - 1914 Chapter 26 Sections 1-4