Muscular System: Functions and Disorders

1. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

2. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system • What are the characteristics of muscles? • What are the functions of the muscular system? • What are common disorders of the muscular system? • How are muscular disorders treated? • How does the muscular system relate to the body’s support and movement? 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

3. Warm up • Review of Muscle Locations

4. Characteristics of Muscles Contractibility Excitability Extensibility Elasticity 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

5. Characteristics of Muscles Contractibility the ability of a muscle to reduce the distance between the parts of its contents or the space it surrounds. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

6. Characteristics of Muscles Contractibility Myoneural stimulation + contraction of muscle proteins = movement and heat 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

7. Characteristics of Muscles Contractibility Neurotransmitter at site of muscle stimulus. The sodium-potassium pump of the membrane of a muscle cell. The purpose of this slide is to illustrate the complexity of the process of movement. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

8. Characteristics of Muscles Excitability or (IRRITABILITY) – the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing impulses. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

9. Characteristics of Muscles Extensibility-the ability to be stretched. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

10. Characteristics of Muscles Elasticity- ability of muscle to return to its original length when relaxing. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

11. Characteristics of Muscles Contractibility Excitability Extensibility Elasticity 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

12. Muscle Tone Discuss muscle tone. • Atrophy: a- without -trophy - tone • Hypertrophy: hyper- increase –trophy- tone 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

13. Muscle Tone John just got a cast off his leg. His calf muscle on the affected leg is 1” smaller in diameter than his other calf muscle. • What happened? • How do you explain this to him? 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

14. Muscle ToneExercise & Training What are the advantages of exercise? • Increased blood supply causes the muscles to become stronger. • More resistant to fatigue • The heart enlarges to pump more blood that causes increased strength. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

15. Muscle Fatigue Muscle fatigue: • What causes muscle fatigue? Decrease oxygen to the muscles causes an increase of lactic acid which leads to cramps and fatigue. • How does the body correct muscle fatigue? Rest leads to an increase of oxygen to the muscles. • Is muscle fatigue dangerous? Why / why not? It can cause injuries, sprains and strains. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

16. Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise • Aerobic- (with oxygen)- walking running cycling, swimming. • Anaerobic- (without oxygen)- weight lifting, strength building, yoga.

17. What are the functions of the muscular system? Functions of the Muscular System 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

18. Movement:Skeletal Muscle • Receptors in muscles provide the brain with information about body position and movement. • The brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

19. Movement As a muscle contracts, it pulls the insertion bone closer to the origin bone. Movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion. Rule: A muscle’s insertion bone moves toward its origin bone. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

20. Movement • Prime mover- Moves muscles in one direction • Antagonist- Causes movement in opposite direction • Synergists- Assists with movement.

21. Movement:Digestive System The nervous system regulates the speed at which food moves through the digestive tract. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

22. Movement:Circulatory SystemHeartbeat The nervous system and hormones regulate the speed at which the heart beats. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

23. Posture • Provides support for our skeletal frames through muscle tone. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

24. Body Heat What is the body’s response to cold? Shivering Why? To produce body heat by muscle movement- friction How is this response helpful? Muscles shake to increase energy How does the body respond to exercise? Sweat to let the body heat escape. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

25. Processing • Case Studies • Power System Activity • Muscle Fatigue Activity

26. Day 3

27. Muscular System Research • 1. Select a disorder from the following list or as approved by your teacher. Research the condition and prepare a patient education brochure related it. • Fibromyalgia • Hernia • Hypotinia • Dupuytren's contracture • Compartment Syndrome • Dystonia • Muscle spasm • Muscular Dystrophy • Myasthenia Gravis • Strain • Tendonitis • Tetanus • Torticollis • Be sure to include: • A description of the disorder- what happens to the muscle • Symptoms of the disorder • How the disorder is diagnosed • How the disorder is treated • The prognosis- can it be cured? • 4. Be prepared to share/present to the class.

28. Day 4 Muscular Disorders

29. Warm up • What is the special muscle found in the stomach and anus? • What is the muscle on the posterior lower leg? • What are the 3 muscles in the upper arm? • What thoracic muscle aids in breathing? • What muscle on the skull is attached to the zygoma? • What builds up in muscles when you muscle fatigue?

30. Muscular Disorders

31. Myopathy Myo- Muscle -pathy- Disease 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

32. Warm up • Present Brochures on Muscular Disorders

33. Fibromyalgia Discuss the pictures and how they relate to fibromyalgia. Cause Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

34. Fibromyalgia • Cause- unknown, possible auto-immune • Symptoms- Women 20-50 years old- Long term body wide pain and tenderness in muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments. • Diagnosis- Tenderness in 11 of 18 areas. • Treatment- Exercise, PT, Medications- Cymbalta • Prognosis- No known cure

35. Fibromyalgia

36. Hernia Discuss hernias. Causes Locations Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prevention 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

37. Hernia • Cause- weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a localized hole, or "defect", through which adipose tissue, or abdominal organs may protrude. Inguinal, ventral, umbilical, femoral, hiatal. • Symptoms-  Pain at the site, a visible or palpable lump. • Diagnosis- Palpable bulge. • Treatment- Surgery to repair hole in fascia. • Prognosis- Excellent with surgery. If no surgical repair, could become incarcerated with a decrease in blood flow to the intestines. Can cause death of bowel.

38. Muscle Spasms(Involuntary hypertonicity) Discuss muscle spasms. Causes Locations Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

39. Muscle Spasms(Involuntary hypertonicity) • Cause- Poor circulation, over exertion, not stretching before exercising, potassium and magnesium deficiency. • Symptoms- Cramps, pain, muscles become hard and tight. • Diagnosis- Palpating muscles • Treatment- Find the underlying cause and correct it. Massage, stretch muscle, apply ice or heat. Eat bananas to increase potassium. • Prognosis- Excellent

40. Muscular Dystrophy • Discuss the picture and how it relates to muscular dystrophy. Cause Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

41. Muscular Dystrophy • Cause- MD covers over 200 different types of muscular diseases. Congenital muscle destroying disease. Muscle fiber degenerate and atrophy due to the absence on dystrophin, a protein that helps muscle cells intact. Mostly occurs in males. • Symptoms- Progressive muscular wasting, Poor balance, Drooping eyelids, Muscle Atrophy, Scoliosis , Inability to walk, Frequent falls, Waddling gait, Calf deformation, Limited range of movement, Respiratory difficulty, Joint contractures, Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmias, Muscle spasms, pain.

42. Muscular Dystrophy • Diagnosis- Muscle biopsy, genetic testing • Treatment- Treat the symptoms.  Physical therapy,occupational therapy, orthotic intervention (e.g., ankle-foot orthosis), speech therapy and orthopedic instruments (e.g., wheelchairs, standing frames and powered mobile arm supports) may be helpful. Inactivity (such as bed rest, sitting for long periods) and bodybuilding efforts to increase myofibrillar hypertrophy can worsen the disease. • Prognosis- There is no known cure.

43. Myasthenia Gravis Discuss the picture and how it relates to myasthenia gravis. Antibodies to acetecholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction that prevents the muscle from contracting. Cause Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

44. Myasthenia Gravis • Cause- Rare adult autoimmune disease. Prevents muscle contractions from occurring. Only affects skeletal muscles. • Symptoms- Droopy eyelids, ocular muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing and talking, weakness spreads from head and neck to upper limbs and progresses down the body. Can spread to the chest and affect the diaphram which will cause difficulty breathing. • Diagnosis- Blood tests and noted ocular muscle weakness. • Treatment-Immunosuppressant drugs, thymectomy • Prognosis- Can go into remission with drug therapy. No known cure. Death occurs when respiratory muscles cease to function.

45. Strain • What happened here? • What symptoms is this man having? Why? • How will he treat them? • What is his prognosis? 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

46. Strain • Cause- Over stretching of muscle. • Symptoms- localized stiffness, discoloration and bruising around the strained muscle. Injury to the tendons or muscles in which the muscle fibers tear. • Diagnosis- Notable bruising, stiffness and pain in muscle. • Treatment- PRICE- protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation. • Prognosis- Excellent

47. Tendonitis Discuss the pictures and how they relate to tendonitis. Cause Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

48. Tendonitis • Cause- Injury caused by repetitive motion to a joint. • Symptoms- Pain on movement of joint, stiffness. Swelling, heat and redness. • Diagnosis- Presentation of symptoms. • Treatment-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , rest, ice, physical therapy, braces. • Prognosis- Excellent

49. Tetanus Discuss the picture and how it relates to tetanus. Cause Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

50. Tetanus • Cause-  caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani – lives in the soil. Lockjaw • Symptoms- Muscle spasms of the skeletal muscles in the jaw, chest, neck, back, abdominal muscles, and buttocks. Back muscle spasms often cause arching. Sometimes the spasms affect muscles that help with breathing, which can lead to breathing problems. • Diagnosis- Presentation of symptoms • Treatment- Tetanus immunoglobin, antibiotics, valium, muscle relaxants. • Prognosis- Good if diagnosed early.