Imperialism and America

1. ImperialismandAmerica Chapter 10 Section One

2. What is Imperialism? • Turn to the person next to you and answer the following questions in your notes: • What is imperialism? • Give an example of a imperialism. (Recall on previous classes)

3. Imperialism and the U.S. • Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over a weaker territory • Three Reasons for Expansion: 1) Military • Admiral Alfred T. Mahan- urged the government to build a strong naval power • 2) Economic • New farming equipment created a surplus • U.S. needed more raw materials from foreign countries • 3) Cultural/Religious • Cultural factors justified imperialism • Social Darwinism- belief that free-market competition would lead to survival of the fittest • Spread Christianity and Civilization to Inferior Countries

4. Acquiring AlAska • William Seward- Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson • Supported expansionism • Arranged the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia in 1867 • Many were unsure of this territory at first but… • What is the significance of Alaska?

5. Taking Hawaii • Why was Hawaii important? • Sugar Plantations- ¾ of the wealth on the island • Duty-free was eliminated through the McKinley Tariff of 1890 • Made plantation owners pay higher taxes on selling their product to the U.S. • Pearl Harbor built as a Naval Port in 1887 • King Kalakaua- supported American business • Dies and Queen Liliuokalani • “A Hawaii for Hawaiians” • John L. Stevens headed a revolution with help from U.S. Marines and overthrew the government • Sanford B. Dole headed the new government • President McKinley annexed Hawaii

6. Exit Slip • What is Imperialism?

7. Warm-Up 2/21 • What is imperialism? • How did the U.S. acquire Alaska? • What is Yellow Journalism?

8. American Interest in Cuba • 1854- U.S. attempted to buy Cuba from Spain • Spain did not accept • Group Discussion • Why do you think the U.S. wanted Cuba? • Discuss and write down on a piece of paper with your group- TURN IN

9. Fight for Cuba Independence • Revolt of 1886 • Unsuccessful attempt for independence but abolished slavery • The Second War for Independence • Jose Martí- Cuban poet and journalist who launched the revolution in 1895 • Organized guerilla campaign that destroyed plantations • General ValerianoWeyler sent by Spain • Establishment of concentration camps- why?

10. American Interests and Public Opinion • Split opinion over the actions of the Spanish Empire • Businessmen supported Spain- Why? • American people were enthusiastic about the rebel cause • “Give me liberty or give me death!”- Who said this? • Welyer’s actions fueled public opinion in America • New York Journal- William Randolph Hearst • New York World- Joseph Pulitzer • Both published exaggerated reports • Yellow Journalism: exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers

11. Assignment #2 (Homework)What would you do? • Money vs. Independence • YOU are President McKinley and are being urged from two different parties to react against the recent struggle in Spain. • Business Party: wants to support Spain and end the rebellion to improve economic relations with the U.S. • Public Opinion Party: wants the U.S. to react against Spain and support independence. • You must write TWO paragraphs describing how YOU would approach this situation. You may decide to support only one party or find a way to make both parties happy. • Explain how you will resolve the conflict • Describe how this outcome will impact both parties

12. Exit Slip • Define “Yellow Journalism” • Who was ValerianoWeyler and what did he do? • Do you understand what to do on the Yellow Journalism Project? If not, please ask a question.

13. McKinley’s Diplomatic Approach • McKinley wanted to avoid war and take a diplomatic approach • Successful at first but doesn’t last long • Spain recalled Weyler • Modified concentration policy and offered limited self-government • De Lôme Letter- February 1898 • Private letter written by Spanish Minister to the U.S. Enrique Dupuy de Lôme • Called and criticized McKinley for being weak and a “bidder for admiration of the crowd” • Americans angered by insult

14. U.S.S. Maine Explodes!

15. U.S.S. Maine Explodes cont. • U.S.S. Maine blew up on February 15, 1898 • Sent to bring home American citizens in danger • No one really knew why or how it exploded but journalists exaggerated the reports • April 20, 1898- Congress agreed and declared war against Spain • War in the Caribbean • Naval blockade of Cuba • Admiral William T. Sampson sealed the harbors • 125,000 Americans volunteered to fight • Rough Riders • 1st United States Volunteer Calvary led by Theodore Roosevelt

16. Defeating the Spanish (CUBA) • San Juan Hill • Most famous land battle- very strategic hill • Rough Riders played a minor role • Roosevelt declared hero • Spanish fleet destroyed while trying to escape Cuba • U.S. invaded Puerto Rico on July 25, 1898

17. Spanish-American War in the Philippines • Spanish-American War began in the Philippines before it struck in Cuba • April 30, 1898- George Dewey steamed the navy into Manila harbor and opened fire on the fleet • Dewey gathered support from Filipinos who wanted independence • 11,000 Americans joined rebel forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo • Spanish troops surrendered by August

23. Treaty of Paris • Spain sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million • Spain freed Cuba • Imperialism- McKinley faces the decision of what to do with the Philippines. • Civilize and Christianize them • Filipinos had been Christian for years • Should the Philippines be annexed? • The treaty decided that the U.S. now included Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

25. Cuba • Platt Amendment (1901) • U.S. insisted Cuba should add several provisions to its constitution • Cuba could not make treaties that threatened their independence or territory • Cuba was not to go into debt • U.S. could buy or lease land for naval and refueling stations • The U.S. Army would not withdraw until Cuba agreed • Put into action in 1903 • Cuba became a protectorate- a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power • Protected American business interests

26. The Philippines • Angered over annexation- Emilio Aguinaldo believed they would get their freedom • Began a revolt in 1899 • Filipinos were treated similar to how the Spanish treated them • Filipinos and African Americans- similarities • 20,000 rebels died, 4,000 American lives lost • Cost $400 million- 20 times more than what it cost to purchase it

27. Homework • Assignment #3- Chapter 10.3: Page 358 • Assessment questions #1 and #2 • #1- Definitions • #2- Taking Notes- Timeline

28. Anti-Imperialist League • Organization established on June 15, 1898 • Battled American annexation of the Philippines as insular area • Believed imperialism violated republicanism • “Consent of the governed” • Typically consisted of older generations • Grover Cleveland (former President) • William Jennings Bryan • Mark Twain (author and commentator) • Andrew Carnegie (industrialist, capitalist, philanthropist) • Jane Addams (progressive social worker)

29. Open Door in China • Why does the U.S. want to be in China? • What is the Open Door Policy?

31. Foreign Influence in China • Philippines was the “gateway to China”- very strategic location • John Hay’s Open Door Notes • Issued by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay • Proposed to other imperialist nations that the nations should share their trading rights with the U.S. • No single nation would have a monopoly • Boxer Rebellion in China • Boxers- underground secret society who pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils” • Killed thousands of missionaries and converts • August 1900- Britain, France, Germany, and Japan along with 2,500 U.S. soldiers marched on the Chinese capital • Two months of conflict- thousands of people died

32. Second Series of Open Door Notes • Created to prevent the influence of European powers in China after the rebellion • U.S. economic growth depended on exports • Felt the U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open • Fear that closing an area of American products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival

33. Puerto Rico • Why did the U.S. want to have a presence in Puerto Rico? • What differed between Puerto Rico and other countries (Cuba and the Philippines) after the Spanish-American War? • In terms of how the U.S. was involved after the war.

34. Puerto Rico • LuizMuñoz Rivera- Puerto Rican spokesman and publisher was one of the most vocal advocates to Puerto Rican self-rule • Not all wanted independence, some wanted statehood (U.S.) • U.S. gave no promises after the Spanish-American War • Military Rule • General Nelson A. Miles- soldiers took control and assured the people that they were providing protection • Strategic location of Puerto Rico • Foraker Act- ended military rule and set up a civil government • Gave U.S. President power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and upper legislature • Citizens could only elect lower legislature • 1917- Congress gave the right for Puerto Ricans to get U.S. citizenship and right to elect both houses of legislature

35. Quiz 2/27 • What is the Open Door Policy? • Name one similarity and one difference of how Puerto Rico was influenced by the U.S. compared to other countries the U.S. had influence in.

36. Warm-Up 2/29 • What is this political cartoon saying or inferring?

37. William McKinley 1897-1901 William Howard Taft 1909-1913 Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

38. Theodore Roosevelt • 1901: Assassination of President William McKinley • Placed VP Theodore Roosevelt into presidency • Building on the Open Door Notes, mediated a settlement between Japan and Russia • Russo-Japanese War • Tsar Nicholas the II declared war on Japan over territory over Manchuria and Korea disputes • Roosevelt had both leaders on his yacht • Agreed to terms to end the war • Allowed the U.S. and Japan to respect each other’s interests and processions in East Asia and the Pacific

39. Panama Canal • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901- gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build and control the canal • U.S. needed permission from Colombia who had ruled Panama at that time • French agent who had came to the U.S. to buy the company’s route, helped organize a rebellion against Colombia • Panama receives their independence • Agrees with the U.S. to $10 million to buy the route/land and an annual rent of $250,000 of the Canal Zone • Building the Canal = One of the world’s greatest engineering feats • By 1913- 43,300 people were employed • Gatan Lake • August 15, 1914- Canal Opens for Business

40. Panama CanalMain Points • American Business saved money when they shipped goods • Travel between the East and the West • It allowed for a strong military presence in Central America

41. Theodore Roosevelt • Latin America • Many countries owed European countries for railroads • Roosevelt feared Europeans would intervene if Latin American countries defaulted. • Monroe Doctrine: Europeans stay out of Latin American affairs • Roosevelt Corollary: was added to the Monroe Doctrine • Any disorder would “force the U.S. to exercise international police power” • Protecting economic interests • Big Stick Diplomacy: Latin American policy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick”- African proverb

43. William Taft • U.S. practiced their police power • Nicaragua: After the rebellion it left the country bankrupt • Allowed the U.S. to take over railroad systems and industries • Dollar Diplomacy: foreign policy using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American business people

44. Woodrow Wilson • Wilson added to the Monroe Doctrine a “moral” tone • Missionary Diplomacy: U.S. had the moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government • Any country who was oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests • Hope of spreading democratic government • Mex