The Crises of the Late Middle Ages 1300-1450

1. The Crises of the Late Middle Ages 1300-1450 9/3/13

2. The Crises of the Late Middle Ages • Key Terms • Great Famine • Black Death • bubo • flagellants • Agincourt • Joan of Arc • representative assemblies • nationalism • Babylonian Captivity • Great Schism • conciliarists • confraternities • The Imitation of Christ • peasant revolts • Jacquerie • Statute of Kilkenny • vernacular

3. Feudalistic Society • Decentralized social system dividing people into hierarchical groups • Hierarchy of Feudalism • Kings • Lords • Vassals • Knights • Serfs

4. Decentralized Government VS Centralized Government Centralized Government USA Decentralized Feudal France Small rulers control pieces of land (estates) Land is owned by lords Lords provide protection for labor and goods • People give power to ONE government • Private citizens own resources • People give the government power to protect them by obeying laws

5. Centralized vs Decentralized Government Central Government Derives Power from People Decentralized Feudal France Fights Itself for Land and Power

6. What does Feudalism demand? • Expansion • Agrarian Society (Farming) • Decentralization in states * Church is the ONLY centralizing force in Europe.

7. Prelude to Disaster • What were the demographic and economic consequences of climate change? • Climate Change and Famine • 1300-1450 “Little Ice Age” • Ruined harvests • Decreased nutrition poor health • Consequences: depopulation, volatile land market, and unstable international trade • Government Ineptitude • Ineffective price controls • Starving populace scapegoated and attacked   • Jews, lepers, and the wealthy

8. The Plague Strikes Europe

9. The Black Plague: Effects on Europe • How did the spread of the plague shape European society? • Arrival in Europe • Genoese ships brought plague to Italy in 1347 • Pathology • Fleas on (usually) black rats carried plague bacillus • Poor sanitation spread plague • Appearance of one boil, then bleeding under the skin, vomiting of blood, then death (Approx 3 days) • Medieval doctors could do nothing • Spread of the Disease • Black rats stayed in cities, plague stayed in cities • England lost approx. 1/3 population, Italian cities lost more than half • Plague eventually spread to Eastern Europe, Balkans, Russia

10. The Black Plague: Effects on Europe • Care • Doctors could ease pain • Thought caused by poison air • Fought with strong smelling substances • Wealthy fled to countryside • Thousands of Jews killed by people looking for scapegoat • Hospitals acted as refuges for sick • Belief that plague was G-d’s anger

11. The Black Plague: Effects on Europe • Social, Economic, and Cultural Consequences • Priests suffered high mortality rates from tending to sick • Emergency church measures like laymen administering extreme unction (sacrament) Medieval agrarian economy highly resilient • Guilds accepted new members • Caused inflation • Pessimism, religious fanaticism, suspicion of pilgrims & travelers, and diminished funeral rites • New colleges created due to priest shortage • Ultimately led to the Reformation by devastating populations and the Church

12. Simplified Soc-Econ-Cult Consequences • Social • “Good” priests died • New colleges to produce more priest spread education • Cultural • Increased participation of laymen • Religious fanaticism and pilgrimages • Economic • Guilds accepted new members, women • Inflation

13. The Hundred Years’ War1337-1453 What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War, and how did the war affect European politics, economics, and cultural life? • Causes • 1328, French denied English King Edward III to throne, chose Philip VI of French Valois family instead (PlantagenetvsValois) • 1337 Philip VI conquered Edward III’s Aquitaine • Split French society into Pro-Valois and Pro-Edward III, barons benefited from decentralization • Economic tension between wool trade, control of Flemish towns escalated conflict

14. Hundred Years’ War Map

15. The Hundred Years’ War • The Popular Response • Both English and French kings used priests to spark patriotism • War was opportunity for poor knights to plunder land

16. The Hundred Years’ War • The Course of the War to 1419 • England ahead early due to longbow • Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356) and Agincourt (1415) examples of longbow victories • Joan of Arc and France’s Victory • 1429 peasant girl was instrumental to French victory • 1453, England only maintained control of the port of Calais in France Battle of Agincourt

17. Jeanne d’ Arc "I was thirteen when I had a Voice from God for my help and guidance. The first time that I heard this Voice, I was very much frightened; it was mid-day, in the summer, in my father's garden. ”  - Joan of Arc from her trial transcript.

18. The Hundred Years’ War: Conclusion • Costs and Consequences • Local social deterioration of England due to Sheriffs serving in military • King Edward III had to negotiate for money from barons, strengthening Parliament • Growth of nationalism in both countries Nationalism English Parliament English Civil Peace

19. Challenges to the Church What challenges faced the Christian Church in the fourteenth century, and how did church leaders, intellectuals, and ordinary people respond? • The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism • Philip the Fair (Philip IV or Philip of Navarre I) coerced Pope Clement V to stay in Avignon • 1309-1376 popes stayed in Avignon, France controlled by French monarchy • Urban VI returned to Rome with an anti-corruption agenda

20. Challenges to the Church • Some Cardinals returned to France in response to Urban’s agenda and chose a new pope. • Pope Clement VII resided in Avignon • Kings supported different popes for political reasons 1. Pope Clement V moves to Avignon, France (1309) 2.Pope Urban VI moves back to Rome (1376) 3. Corrupt Cardinals ditch Urban VI to move back to Avignon, France and select NEW Pope Clement VII

21. The Great Schism

22. Relationship Between Power and Legitimacy of Church

23. Challenges to the Church • The Conciliar Movement • Prior to the schism, Marsiglio (rector of University of Paris) argued for Pope to be inferior to higher council • English scholar John Wyclif (1330-1384) argued against scriptural support for pope and advocated that people read Bible for themselves • Cardinals of Avignon and Rome called Council of Pisa (1409) deposing both Urban VI and Clement VII, electing a third “true” pope • Did that fix the problem?

24. Challenges to the Church • Third Pope was challenged by BOTH the Avignon and Roman Pope and there were now THREE popes • 1414-1418 council at Constance organized by German Emperor Sigismund elected a final new pope and burned Jan Hus at the stake First Church Reformer

25. Economic and Social Change How did economic and social tensions contribute to revolts, crime, violence, and a growing sense of ethnic and national distinctions? • Peasant Revolts • Uprisings in Flanders (1323-1328) first mass • movement of fourteenth century • Caused by heavy indemnities on peasants • Peasants were crushed by French in 1328 • Famine, plague, and high taxes during Hundred Years’ War caused Jacquerie rebellion

26. Peasant Revolts Torture of gentry by peasants Defeat of the Jacquerie

27. Economic and Social Change • Urban Conflicts • Late fourteenth century rebellions in Florence, Spain, and German cities (HRE) • Caused by changing conditions of work, economic issues, and honor • Honor was tied to journeymen’s guilds

28. Economic and Social Change • Sex in the City • Later marriage for women, especially poor urban and peasant women • Men of all classes married older • Urban unrest caused by strict marriage rules • Cities hosted brothels • Single women were victims of unwanted sexual contact • Rise in hostility of same-sex relationships (although women’s same-sex relationships were unnoticed by society)

29. Economic and Social Change • Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions • Early colonization saw colonizers maintain their own laws while natives maintained own laws (except with England and Ireland) • 14th century saw regulations, laws, and customs discriminate on “blood descent” against Slavs, Irish, and Moors

30. Economic and Social Change • Literacy and Vernacular Culture • Beginning in the early 14th century, writers began to write in own vernacular (language) • Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer of London, England • Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri of Florence • Literacy rates rose reflecting (1) social complexity, (2) growth of commerce, and (3) expanding government bureaucracy

31. Chaucer and Dante

32. Crises of the Late Middle Ages

33. Consequences of the Crises

34. Themes