Chowan River TMDL Development and Source Assessment Blackwater River Area October 25, 2004

1. Chowan River TMDL Development and Source Assessment Blackwater River Area October 25, 2004

2. Blackwater River Watershed

3. TMDL Steps – Blackwater River • Monitoring/Listing - Identification of Water Quality Problem. • Source Assessment – Locating potential contributors of pollutant in watershed. • Modeling – Examining the movement of sources from the land to the water. • Allocation/TMDL – Use the model to determine the load reductions necessary to achieve water quality goals.

4. Historical Water Quality Data Analysis Fecal Coliform Concentrations

5. Water Quality Data Analysis E. coli

6. Source Assessment • Livestock • Permitted discharges • Wastewater treatment facilities • Human • Biosolids • Pets • Wildlife

7. Permitted Discharges • Chlorine  fecal coliform translator • Historical averages (DMR) for calibration period • Design values for allocations • Direct application

8. Permitted Discharges

9. Population, housing units, and onsite treatment system based on U.S. Census Human Source • Sanitary Sewer • Loading rates • Exfiltration • Overflows • Land-applied / direct deposition • Loading type • Proximity to stream

10. Septic Systems Failure to soil surface throughout year Lateral movement continuously to stream Straight Pipes Direct continuous input into stream Biosolids Land-applied Human Source

11. Human Source

12. Human Source (2004)

13. Pet Source • Population/household based on literature values, veterinarians, and animal control • Translated to housing units based on U.S. Census • Land-applied

14. Pet Source (2004)

15. Distribution of waste Pastured Confined, waste collected, spread Direct deposition to the stream Seasonal varying applications Livestock Source • Population • Virginia Agricultural Statistics • Consultation with SWCD, NRCS, VADCR, and VCE • Watershed visits

16. Livestock Population Estimates

17. Population Animal densities from VDGIF biologists Habitat from literature values Distribution of waste based on habitat Land-applied Direct deposition to the stream Seasonal variations based on migration patterns and food sources Wildlife Source

18. Wildlife Population

19. Bacterial Source Tracking • Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (ARA) • Differentiates the sources of bacteria based on bacterial resistance to antibiotics

20. Bacterial Source Tracking Results BOLDtype indicates a statistically significant value.

21. Bacterial Source Tracking Results BOLDtype indicates a statistically significant value.

22. Bacterial Source Tracking Results BOLDtype indicates a statistically significant value.

23. Modeling

24. Models • Hydrology and Water Quality • Hydrologic Simulation Program – Fortran (HSPF) • Watershed-based • Continuous time interval • Land-applied, direct loads

25. Livestock in Stream Pastured Livestock Pets Lateral Flow from Septic Systems Wildlife on the Land Straight Pipes VPDES Permit Septic Failures Biosolids Application Sewer Overflows Parking Lots Wildlife in Stream Conceptual Model • Mathematical Representation • Overland • Direct discharges • Withdrawal

26. Hydrologic Modeling Components • Climatic data • Land use • Topography • Soils • Stream channel characteristics • Point source discharge/withdrawal • Flow data

27. Land use • Based on Aerial Photos/Land Use maps/On site surveys • Project For Growth/land use change • Model forest, wetland, agricultural and urban areas

28. Water Quality Modeling Components • Sources • Fecal production • FC densities • FC distribution • Delivery Mechanisms • Direct • Land-applied • Temporal Variation

29. Allocation Scenarios • Project impact of Load Reductions from various sources. (Ex: 99% Human, 60% livestock, 0% Wildlife). • Explore impact of BMP’s. • Develop reduction/BMP scenarios that will achieve water quality standards.

30. Regulatory Voluntary Clean Water Cost Share Improved Water Quality And then: • Public Meeting 2 • Public Review • Submit to EPA • State Approval • Implementation Plan Development • Implementation