Chowan River TMDL Development and Source Assessment Tidewater Area October 20, 2004

1. Chowan River TMDL Development and Source Assessment Tidewater Area October 20, 2004

2. Watershed

3. TMDL Steps – Tidewater • Monitoring/Listing - Identification of Water Quality Problem. • Source Assessment – Locating potential contributors of pollutant in watershed. • Modeling – Examining the movement of sources from the land to the water. • Allocation/TMDL – Use the model to determine the load reductions necessary to achieve water quality goals.

4. Historical Water Quality Data Analysis Fecal Coliform Concentrations

5. Water Quality Data Analysis During TMDL Development

6. Enterococci Data 1Violations based on Enterococci instantaneous standard (i.e., 104 cfu/100 ml)

7. Source Assessment • Livestock • Permitted discharges • Wastewater treatment facilities • Human • Biosolids • Pets • Wildlife

8. Permitted Discharges • Chlorine  fecal coliform translator • Historical averages (DMR) for calibration period • Design values for allocations • Direct application

9. Permitted Discharges

10. Permitted Discharges

11. Population, housing units, and onsite treatment system based on U.S. Census Human Source • Sanitary Sewer • Loading rates • Exfiltration • Overflows • Land-applied / direct deposition • Loading type • Proximity to stream

12. Septic Systems Failure to soil surface throughout year Lateral movement continuously to stream Straight Pipes Direct continuous input into stream Biosolids Land-applied Human Source

13. Human Source

14. Human Source (2004)

15. Pet Source • Population/household based on literature values, veterinarians, and animal control • Translated to housing units based on U.S. Census • Land-applied

16. Pet Source (2004)

17. Distribution of waste Pastured Confined, waste collected, spread Direct deposition to the stream Seasonal varying applications Livestock Source • Population • Virginia Agricultural Statistics • Consultation with SWCD, NRCS, VADCR, and VCE • Watershed visits

18. Livestock Population (2002)

19. Population Animal densities from VDGIF biologists Habitat from literature values Distribution of waste based on habitat Land-applied Direct deposition to the stream Seasonal variations based on migration patterns and food sources Wildlife Source

20. Wildlife Population

21. Bacterial Source Tracking • Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (ARA) • Differentiates the sources of bacteria based on bacterial resistance to antibiotics

22. Bacterial Source Tracking Results

23. Modeling

24. Modeling • Hydrologic model • Runoff model • HSPF • Water Quality model • Tidal/Estuary model • CE-QUAL-W2 • Model Calibration and Validation • Based on data availability, period of interest

25. Modeling

26. Sewer Overflows VPDES Permit Septic Failures Parking Lots Straight Pipes Livestock in Stream Pets Lateral Flow from Septic Systems Biosolids Application Wildlife on the Land Wildlife in Stream Pastured Livestock Conceptual Model • Mathematical Representation • Overland • Direct discharges • Withdrawal

27. Hydrologic Modeling Components • Climatic data • Land use • Topography • Soils • Stream channel characteristics • Point source discharge/withdrawal • Flow data

28. Land use

29. Land use

30. Water Quality Modeling Components • Sources • Fecal production • FC densities • FC distribution • Delivery Mechanisms • Direct • Land-applied • Temporal Variation

31. Regulatory Voluntary Clean Water Cost Share Improved Water Quality And then: • Public Meeting 2 (Date?) • Public Meeting 3 (Date?) • Public Review • Submit to EPA • State Approval • Implementation Plan Development • Implementation

33. Hydrologic Calibration