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Age of Augustus

Age of Augustus. Source criticism, visual imagery and the life and death of the Roman res publica (“public thing”). Source criticism. What did you learn about the authors of passages A-D and their works? A Suetonius Life of the Divine Augustus 97-100

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Age of Augustus

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  1. Age of Augustus Source criticism, visual imagery and the life and death of the Roman res publica (“public thing”)

  2. Source criticism • What did you learn about the authors of passages A-D and their works? • A Suetonius Life of the Divine Augustus 97-100 • B TacitusAnnales (“Annals”) 1.5-6 • C DioCassius Roman History 56.29-42 • D V. Paterculus Roman History 2.123-124 What sources helped you? • Who is the author (if known)?What type of document is this? • What does this document contain?Why was this document written, and who is the intended audience? • What assumptions does this document make?Can I trust this document to be accurate? • What can I learn about the society that produced this document?How does this document speak to me?What scholarship should I consult to learn more? Tacitus Annales 11 (1463)

  3. Age of Augustus Visual ImageryP. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus

  4. Visual imagery: “Conflict and Contradiction in the Imagery of the Dying Republic” • Summarize briefly Zanker’s main points • What are some key passages, concepts and/or moments in the chapter? • Was Zanker persuasive? Why or why not? • Did he employ evidence effectively? • What visual images do you now have of late Republican Rome?

  5. The rise of the Republic: from Aeneas to the defeat of Carthage • Aeneid: Aeneas and the Trojan War (1186 or 1183 BCE) • 753: Romulus & Remus (April 21st, Parilia) • 510/509: Brutus overthrows Etruscan rex (“king”) and establishes res publica (“republic”) • 312-300: conquest of Italy, including first road and aqueduct Via Appia Aqua Appia • 287: concordiaordinum (“harmony of the orders”) • patricians (patricii) and plebeians (plebes) • 202: 1st, 2nd Punic Wars (264-202): conquest of Sicily:Scipio Africanus vs. Hannibal

  6. From Carthage to Greece:Rome conquers most of the Mediterranean • 196: “liberation” of Greece • 167: conquest of Achaia, Greece • 146: destruction of Corinth (Greece) and Carthage (Libya) – Marcus Porcius Cato’s Carthagodelendaest (“Carthage must be destroyed”) • 133: conquest of Spain by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus • 133: Attalus III of Pergamum bequeaths kingdom to Rome

  7. From the conquest of the Mediterranean to civil war: the rise of warlords • 133: socio-economic revolution: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus • Gracchi (optimates – appeal to aristocratic rule) cater to the masses (populares – appeal to popular support) • 107-87: Gaius Marius: growth of professional army and rise of populares • 91-89: Social War – for civitas (“citizenship”) in Italy • 89-65: wars against Mithridates VI of Pontus (Black Sea) • 90-78: Lucius Cornelius Sulla: return to power of optimates • 70: Pompey and Crassus hold the consulship and reverse Sulla’s program of reform

  8. SullanumRegnum:“Reign of Sulla” = reign of terror • 88: Sulla seizes Rome; Marius seizes Rome (87: Marius dies) • 86: Sulla sacks Athens • 82: Sulla seizes Rome again, is proclaimeddictator reipublicaeconstituendaecausa(“dictator charged with establishing the Republic”) and purges opponents (proscriptions)

  9. From Sulla to Actium: civil war, and the beginning of the end • Contenders for control of the Republic: • 84-53: Marcus Licinius Crassus (71: ends Spartacus’ slave revolt; 53: killed by the Parthians at Battle of Carrhae and loses legionary standards) • 78-44: Gaius Iulius Caesar (58-51: pacifies Gaul) • 70-48: GnaeusPompeius Magnus (67: “Pompey the Great” defeats the pirates) • 70-43: Marcus Tullius Cicero (43: killed by Antony’s troops) • 63: Catilinarian Conspiracy (L. SergiusCatilina; Cicero’s senatusconsultumultimum) • 63: birth of Gaius Octavius

  10. Gaius IuliusCaesar: imperator, parenspatriae, consul V (59, 48, 46, 45, 44) and dictator perpetuus (100-44 BCE)

  11. Age of Augustus Roman Culture in the Age of the Republic, 753-31 BCE

  12. Social systems • community (to Cicero, communioor communitas) • languages & literacy • public vs. private (domus, villa) places: • forum, temples, markets, lawcourts, arenas, amphitheaters, mausoleums, baths, gymnasiums, taverns, bakeries, brothels, aqueducts, roads, bridges • cultural achievements – see above, plus literature (history, poetry, biography, letters), architecture, city planning, sculpture, wall painting, pottery • social & military organization • respect for the dead – mores maiorum (“traditions of our ancestors”)

  13. Social systems • patronage: patrons (patronii) and clients (clientes) • liberation from monarchy • law & equality • class struggle: • patricii (“patricians”) vs. plebes (“plebeians”) • optimates vs. populares(appeal to aristocracy vs. appeal to masses) • cursushonorum (“rank of honors”): • quaestor($), praetor (courts), consul (chief mag.), censor(morals) • senatus/ senatores (ex-mags., aristocratic body, 600-800, for life) • proconsules, propraetores (provincial governors: extortion) • tribuniplebum(“tribunes of the plebs”: populism) • quaestiones (“courts”: justice for the aristocracy) • comitiaeandconcilia (“assemblies” – putative democracy) • roles for women, children, young adults: gendered expectations

  14. Value systems • fratricide & bloodshed • civitas(“citizenship”) and cives (“citizens”) • conquest: warfare and diplomacy, aggression and alliance; professional army • sanction from the gods • expansion: strategic colonization; creation of provinciae (“provinces”) – provincial governors, taxation – in territories, monarchies, etc. • “Romanization,” assimilation of other cultures (esp. Greece: see Zanker) & foreign cult-worship • dignitas (“dignity”), fides (“loyalty”), honor (“honor”), pietas (“piety), clementia (“clemency”), libertas (“freedom”)

  15. Economic systems • exploitation of natural and manmade resources • slave-based economy: latifundia(“estates”) • servi (“slaves”) vs. liberti (“freedmen”) • trade: shipping to every corner of empire, access to luxury goods • major commodities: grain, wine, oil, silk, incense, spices, glass, metals, clay (ceramics) • land reform: placating the poor and military veterans • equites (“equestrians” – business class) and publicani (“publicans” – tax-collectors) • professional army: careerism, conquest, extension of roads and Romanization, construction of cities: auxiliarii (“auxiliaries”) vs. legionarii (“legionnaires”)

  16. Types of evidence / sources • historiography: Polybius – 2nd BCE; Sallust, Caesar, Livy – 1st BCE; V. Paterculus & Tacitus – 1st CE; Dio Cassius – 2nd-3rd CE • poetry : Menander / Terence – 3rd/2nd BCE; Vergil, Horace, Ovid – Augustan (31 BCE – 14 CE) • biography: Plutarch, Suetonius – 1st-2ndCE • archaeology: monuments, art (sculpture, wall painting, pottery), coins, small finds (jewelry, religious implements, military hardware) • official and private documents – inscriptions, fasti, graffiti, papyrus, lead curse tablets, accounts, correspondence

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