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Age of Augustus

Age of Augustus. Chronological Survey of the Roman Republic, 753-63 BCE. Conquest of Italy: from Aeneas to the defeat of Carthage. Aeneid : Aeneas and the Trojan War (traditionally dated to 1186 BCE) 753: Romulus & Remus (April 21st, Parilia )

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Age of Augustus

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  1. Age of Augustus Chronological Survey of the Roman Republic, 753-63 BCE

  2. Conquest of Italy: from Aeneas to the defeat of Carthage • Aeneid: Aeneas and the Trojan War (traditionally dated to 1186 BCE) • 753: Romulus & Remus (April 21st, Parilia) • 510/509: Brutus overthrows Etruscan rex (“king”) and establishes res publica (“republic”) • 300: conquest of Italy, including first road and aqueduct (312: Via Appia, Aqua Appia) • 287: concordia ordinum (“harmony of the orders”) • patricians (patricii) and plebeians (plebes) • 202: 1st, 2nd Punic Wars (264-202): conquest of Sicily: Scipio Africanus vs. Hannibal

  3. Conquest of Mediterranean • 196: “liberation” of Greece • 167: conquest of Achaia, Greece • 146: destruction of Corinth (Greece) and Carthage (Libya) – Marcus Porcius Cato’s Carthago delenda est (“Carthage must be destroyed”) • 133: conquest of Spain by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus • 133: Attalus III of Pergamum bequeaths kingdom to Rome

  4. The rise of warlords • 133: socio-economic revolution: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus • Gracchi (optimates – appeal to aristocratic rule) cater to the masses (populares – appeal to popular support) • 107-87: Gaius Marius: growth of professional army and rise of populares • 91-89: Social War – for civitas (“citizenship”) in Italy • 89-65: wars against Mithridates VI of Pontus (Black Sea) • 90-78: Lucius Cornelius Sulla: return to power of optimates

  5. Sullanum Regnum • 88: Sulla seizes Rome; Marius seizes Rome (87: Marius dies) • 86: Sulla sacks Athens • 82: Sulla seizes Rome again, is proclaimed dictator rei publicae constituendae causa (“dictator charged with establishing the Republic”) and purges opponents (proscriptions)

  6. The beginning of the end • Contenders for control of the Republic: • 84-53: Marcus Licinius Crassus (71: ends Spartacus’ slave revolt; 53: killed by the Parthians at Battle of Carrhae and loses legionary standards) • 78-44: Gaius Iulius Caesar (58-51: pacifies Gaul) • 70-48: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (67: “Pompey the Great” defeats the pirates) • 70-43: Marcus Tullius Cicero (43: killed by Antony’s troops) • 63: Catilinarian Conspiracy (L. Sergius Catilina; Cicero’s senatus consultum ultimum) • 63: birth of Gaius Octavius

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