Chapter 3: The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial North

1. Chapter 3: The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial North Preview: “Europe’s religious rivalries shaped seventeenth-century colonies along America’s northern rim: the Protestant Reformation stamped English Puritan settlements from Maine to Long Island, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation encouraged the less numerous settlers of French Canada. New England’s stable societies, with their strong family bonds and growing tradition of self-government, contrasted with the more prosperous and ethnically diverse colonies of the mid-Atlantic.” The Highlights: The Founding of New England New England Communities The Mid-Atlantic Colonies Adjustment to Empire

2. Europe in the New World

3. Breaking Away • Rapid social change in seventeenth-century England • English population mobile • Different motives for migration • religious versus economic • personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty

4. The Stuart Monarchs

5. Four Colonial Subcultures • The Chesapeake • New England • Middle Colonies • The Carolinas

6. The Founding of New England • The Puritan Movement • Puritans consisted of Presbyterian and Congregationalist believers • Puritans, like all Calvinists, emphasized predestination • Puritan calls for reform lead to their separatist band sailing for America • 1620: “Pilgrims” establish Plymouth Colony

7. Reforming England in America • Pilgrims • Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England, fled • Escape persecution in Holland • 1620--Plymouth founded • Mayflower Compact • Plymouth a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent • 1691--absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

8. “The Great Migration” • Puritans • Wish to remain within the Church of England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic past • 1629--Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal Rule • 1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings Company Charter

9. “A City on a Hill” • 1630-1640--16,000 immigrated • Settlers usually came as family units • Area generally healthy • Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the good of the community • Congregational Church Order • Church members had to prove their experience with “conversion” • In spite of the level of religiosity in New England, the separation of church and state was advanced compared to Europe

10. “A City on a Hill” (2) • Puritans establish Congregationalism • a state-supported ecclesiastical system in which each congregation is independently governed by local church members • Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church members • Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes

11. “A City on a Hill” (3) • Local, town governments autonomous • Most participated in public life at town level • Townships commercial properties, shares of which could be bought and sold • Village life intensely communal • Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to protect rights, ensure civil order

12. New England Communities • Stability and Order in Early New England • Life expectancy in Puritan New England twice as long as in Virginia • By 1700, population of New England was 100,000—most from natural increase • More stable families, which led to a more stable society with defined patterns of settlement • Hierarchy in families reflected in village leadership

13. Women’s Lives in Puritan New England Women not legally equal with men Marriages based on mutual love Most Women contributed to society as wives and mothers church members small-scale farmers Women accommodated themselves to roles they believed God ordained

14. Goodwives and Witches • Defined gender roles in Puritan society—woman restricted to domestic work • Significant legal barriers for women • Turned over all property to husbands • Could not sue or be sued • Divorce was nearly impossible • Could not vote • Only in churches did Puritan woman command semi-equal standing with men

15. Contagion of Witchcraft Charges of witchcraft common accused witches thought to have made a compact with the devil Salem panic of 1691 much larger in scope than previous accusations 20 victims dead before trials halted in late summer of 1692 Causes include factionalism, economics

16. Whites and Indians in Early New England • Puritans made few efforts to covert Indians • Compelling similarities between Puritan and Algonquin societies • Bitter tensions culminated in Pequot’s War (1636-37) and King Philip’s War (1675-76) • Disastrous impact of Old World diseases

17. King Philip’s War 1675--Metacomet leads Wampanoag-Narragansett alliance against colonists Colonists struggle to unite, defeat Indians Deaths total 1,000+ Indians and colonists

18. Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams • An extreme Separatist • Questioned the validity of the colony’s charter • Champions “liberty of conscience” • Williams expelled to Rhode Island, 1636

19. Limits of Dissent:Anne Hutchinson • Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spirit • Believed “converted” persons could live without the Moral Law • Charged that Congregational ministers preached a “covenant of works” • Banished to Rhode Island by General Court

20. Mobility and Division • New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth century • Rhode Island--received dissenters from Massachusetts • Connecticut--founded by Thomas Hooker • New Haven--absorbed into Connecticut • Tensions with Quakers

21. Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century New Englanders replicated traditional English social order Contrasted with experience in other English colonies Explanation lies in development of Puritan families

22. Commonwealth of Families Most New Englanders married neighbors of whom parents approved New England towns collections of interrelated households Church membership associated with certain families Education provided by the family

23. Social Hierarchy in New England Absence of very rich necessitates creation of new social order New England social order becomes local gentry of prominent, pious families large population of independent yeomen landowners loyal to local community small population of landless laborers, servants, poor

24. Immigrant Families and New Social Order Puritans believed God ordained the family Reproduce patriarchal English family structure in New England Greater longevity in New England results in “invention” of grandparents Multigenerational families strengthen social stability

25. New England Colonies, 1650

26. Diversity in the Middle Colonies • New York • New Jersey • Pennsylvania • Delaware

27. Middle Colonies, 1685

28. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson • Location: Hudson River • New Netherlands originally property of Dutch West Indies Company • Population included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, as well as Dutch • 1664--English fleet captured colony

29. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson (2) • New York made personal property of James, Duke of York • Property included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and various islands • Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level • James derived little profit from the colony.

30. Confusion in New Jersey • Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret • Settlers refuse to pay rents • grounds: New York governor had promised representative assembly • Berkeley splits colony by selling out to Quaker group

31. Confusion in New Jersey (2) • West Jersey becomes Quakers’ colony • Democratic system of government introduced • Diverse, contentious • Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by the crown in 1702

32. Quakers in America • Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers • “Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord” • Members call sect “Society of Friends”

33. Quaker Belief and Practice • Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) • Believed in “Inner Light” • Rejected idea of original sin, predestination • Each may communicate directly with God • Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Light • Persecuted as dangerous anarchists

34. Penn's "Holy Experiment" • Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society of Friends • Obtains a charter for Pennsylvania • "Holy Experiment"--a society run on Quaker principles • Promotes religious toleration • Protects rights of property-less

35. Settling Pennsylvania • Immigrants recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany • Quaker population racked by contention • Non-Quaker population does not share Penn’s ideals • 1701--Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delaware

36. Patterns of Settlement • Population in Pennsylvania consisted of indentured servants, small farmers, and artisans • Majority were Quakers, but also people of other faiths settled • Unique peace between settlers and Indians, the Lenni Lenapes • Quakers and Politics • Constant tension among Penn, his council, the legislative assembly, and farmers

38. Rise of a Commercial Empire • English leaders ignore colonies until 1650s • Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial trade • Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from commerce

39. Response to Economic Competition • “Mercantilism” a misleading term for English commercial regulation • Regulations emerge as ad hoc responses to particular problems • Varieties of motivation • crown wants money • English merchants want to exclude Dutch • Parliament wants stronger Navy—encourage domestic shipbuilding industry • everyone wants better balance of trade

40. Glorious Revolution: The Dominion of New England • 1684--King James II establishes “Dominion of New England” • colonial charters annulled • colonies from Maine to New Jersey united • Edmund Andros appointed governor • Governor Edmund Andros used ruthless policies and leadership to enforce the authority of the English government • Andros engendered hatred from nearly everyone

41. The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: Outcomes • 1688: James II deposed in favor of Protestant daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband, William of Orange • New Englanders take cue from the revolution and depose Edmund Andros • Dominion overthrown; colonies given new charters, 1689-91 • Massachusetts a new charter • incorporates Plymouth • transfers franchise from "saints" to those with property

42. The Glorious Revolution in New York • 1689--News of James II’s overthrow prompts crisis of authority in New York • Jacob Leisler seizes control • Maintains position through 1690 • March 1691--Governor Henry Sloughter arrests, executes Leisler

43. COMMON EXPERIENCES, SEPARATE CULTURES

44. Local Aspirations Within an Atlantic Empire • By 1700 England’s attitude toward the colonies had changed dramatically • Sectional differences within the colonies were profound • They were all part of Great Britain but had little to do with each other

45. Royal Authority in America to 1700 • 1696: Parliament initiated closer regulation of trade in the colonies • By 1700, members of colonial assemblies understood the limits of royal power • Growing threat to English colonies by ascendant France

46. Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 Ships engage in English colonial trade must be made in England (or America) must carry a crew at least 75% English Enumerated goods only to English ports 1660 list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyes, ginger 1704-05 molasses, rice, naval stores also

47. Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663 Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through England Increased price paid by colonial consumers

48. Regulating Colonial Trade:Implementing the Acts Navigation Acts spark Anglo-Dutch trade wars New England merchants skirt laws English revisions tighten loopholes 1696--Board of Trade created Navigation Acts eventually benefit colonial merchants