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Chandra cchandra@gov January 29, 2014

Chandra cchandra@gov.in January 29, 2014. EQUITY ISSUES IN EDUCATION. EQUITY IN EDUCATION- MACRO DIMENSIONS. India’s Educational attainments are low in international comparisons on account of a large segment of ‘no schooling’ population ! Lack of adequate access to education,

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Chandra cchandra@gov January 29, 2014

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  1. Chandra cchandra@gov.in January 29, 2014 EQUITY ISSUES IN EDUCATION

  2. EQUITY IN EDUCATION- MACRO DIMENSIONS India’s Educational attainments are low in international comparisons on account of a large segment of ‘no schooling’ population! Lack of adequate access to education, Wide regional, social & gender gaps; High drop out rates ; A large no of OoSC; Opportunity cost of Education; Wide spread poverty; High pvt.expenditure on education & Low literacy, particularly for females narrow down the base for higher educational attainments of our country. 2

  3. GENDER GAP IN LITERACY Although the no. of literates increased by 218 million, no. of illiterates declined in absolute terms by 31 million and female literacy increased at a faster (11.79%) than that for males(6.88%), still the gender gap in literacy is about 17%age points in 2011. Female literacy is a crucial determinant of school enrolments, retention& completion. Female teachers greatly influence primary transition rates. 3

  4. Twelfth Plan Monitorable Targets School Education & Literacy National Monitorable Targets: Achieve a Mean Years of Schooling of 7 by 2016-17 Elimination of all social & gender gaps in enrolment. Other Targets include: Increase Secondary Education GER over 90% & Sr. Secondary GER to 65% Reduce secondary drop out rate to less than 25%. Reduction in gender gap of literacy by10 percentage points. 4

  5. MEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING WB estimates 2004-05 5

  6. Mean Years of Schooling* India’s MYS Census, 2001 4.44 NSS 2007-08 5.55 NSS 2009-10 5.98 Twelfth Plan Target 7.00 Thirteenth Plan 8.00 The main challenge is bridging gender, social & regional gaps in MYS. 6

  7. Elementary Education in India • SSA, launched in 2001-02 for UEE in the country, covers 199m children in 1.4 m schools across 1.3 mil. habitations. Primary Middle Elementary (Class 1-5) (Class 6-8) ( Class1-8) • Child Population (mil) 119 73 192 • Enrolment (mil) 137 62 199 • GER (%) 119 81 104 • NER (%) 100 62 81 Schools (in lakh) 8.3 5.3 13.6 Teachers (in lakh) 43.3 18.7 63.0 Trained Teachers(%) 86 87 86 Pupil-Teacher Ratio 33:1 31:1 31:1 The Right to Free and Compulsory Education is a Fundamental Right with the passage of RTE Act, 2009 & SSA has been harmonised with the RTE mandate with a targeted investment of Rs.2.31 lakh crore for five years from 2010 All the States have already notified States Rules under RTE Act. 7

  8. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan The XI Plan allocation for SSA was Rs.71,000 cr& funds released to the States was higher at Rs.77,586 cr . The XII Plan has provided Rs.1.93 lakh cr for SSA besides Rs.90,155 cr for MDM to provide nutritional support to children, eliminate classroom hunger and strengthen school retention under SSA. About 62% of SSA money goes to SFDs ( include 66 SCs, 109 STs & 88 Muslim Minority, IAP 82 Districts). SSA brought children from marginalised social groups into educational system(EFA-GMR, UNESCO,2011) 8

  9. MEETING RTE ACT NORMS

  10. What SSA achieved? SSA provided School buildings - 6.5 lakh; ACR - 18 lakh; KGBV - 3640; DWS - 2.3 lakh; Toilets -7.4 lakh; BRCs - 6500; CRCs - 70,000 Add. Teachers - 19.7 lakh.

  11. RTE CHILD TREE - 5-14 yrs.(2009-10) Child Population (5-14yrs) (NSS 1999-2000 246m)(NSS 2009-10 254.7 million) (178)Attending School (225.4 m) (68)Not Attending School (29.3 m) (10.6)Child labour (5.2m ) (57.3)Not in gainful economic activity(24.1 m) (0.2)Unemployed (0.14m ) (10.4)Working (5.10m ) (49.7)Destitute Children (19.5 m) 0.4mDisabled Children (1.3 m) (7.2)Domestic work (3.3 m)

  12. School Education-Challenges 13 • Improving quality & standards of education in schools. • Ensuring RTE Act prescribed norms and standards for schools. • Providing professionally qualified, trainedteachers as per norms. • Enrolling all the OoSC including streetchildren & CWSN. • School retention & ensuring children progress through the system. • Addressing systemic issues-accountability, absenteeism, untrained teachers (14%), rational deployment,teacher vacancies (12 lakh) & efficient management of schools. • Implementing common curricula and syllabi of nationally acceptable standards for Science, Math and English. • Consolidation & expansion in partnership with private schools dominating Secondary Education(56,000 schools<80 pupils). • Accreditation of schools; Use of ICT in normal teaching learning processes& integrating VE with academic curriculum

  13. Conventional Hypothesis on Equity & Excellence • Growth of educational Institutions & Infrastructure have not kept pace with growth of enrollments! • The `admission of a large number of students in response to popular demand without the necessary staff, classroom…. makes it impossible….. to give full education….’ • – Dr. S.Radhakrishnan,1948-49 • Rapid expansion has resulted in lowering quality- Kothari, 1964-65

  14. PISA Regressions

  15. How countries improved their PISA rating

  16. Public School Teacher Salaries Much Higher

  17. Expenditure on Education & Training (Total Exp.Rs.3.6 lakh cr.& PCEE Rs,3000/-in 2011-12 XII Plan: SE&L 3.43+HE 1.11=Rs.4.54 lakh cr (Central) 18

  18. Government Schools serve the Poorest • Balakrishna studies in an Ashram school and his father is a cowherd and his elder brother, aged 12, never attended school, since he helps his father tend to the animals. The mother explains that they choose the government hostel for their son because: “We are small people. Those who are well off put their children in private school; those who are like me will send them to government school.” (Young Lives-India)

  19. THANK YOU

  20. Macro Structural Dimensions: Education, Skills & Employment

  21. 12th Plan :Expected Outcomes India achieving a MYS of seven years. Preschool education integrated with primary schooling. Regional, Gender and Social gaps in Elementary Education enrollment bridged & that in Secondary Education substantially reduced. GERs in Secondary and Sr. Secondary levels exceed 90% and 65%, respectively. RMSA to become a comprehensive composite scheme for Universalisation of Secondary Education like SSA for UEE. National norms set for Universalisation of Secondary Education (USE) in partnership with private providers as they manage over 60% of secondary schools. A significant improvement in quality and standards of education in Government Schools. Transparent governance system, professional management of schools including school accreditation & school boards strengthened. Gender gap in Literacy reduced to 10%age points. 22

  22. Education Chapter, 12th Five Year Plan (Chapter 21 ) http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/12thplan/pdf/vol_3.pdf Planning Commission http://planningcommission.nic.in/ http://www.facebook.com/PlanComIndia Department of School Education & Literacy http://www.mhrd.gov.in/ Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ( SSA) http://www.ssa.nic.in/ Mid Day Meal ( MDM) http://www.mdm.nic.in Department of Higher Education http://www.mhrd.gov.in/higher_education National Council of Educational Research &Training (NCERT) http://www.ncert.nic.in/ National University of Education Planning & Administration ( NUEPA) http://www.nuepa.org/ National Council for Teacher Education ( NCTE) http://www.ncte-india.org/ National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) http://www.nsdcindia.org/ Additional Information

  23. Access 2002 2012 PS < 1 Km 87% 99% (SSA sanctioned 2.01 lakh new PS & 1.94 lakh operational-residual gaps mainly in 4 states: UP-2311, Raj-1700, Bih-1483, Odisha-502) UPS <3Km 78% 95% SSA sanctioned 1.57 lakh new UPS & 1.47 lakh operational- -residual gaps mainly in 4 states: Odisha-2035, Raj-1864, WB-1619, Bih-1043. Residuals are very less . States Plan funding for elementary education has also been increased in the States where the shortfall is higher. Besides, IAP/BRGF are also funding school infrastructure in 82 districts

  24. Access-ACRs • Assessed requirement – 4.9 lakh ACRs • SSA Sanctions 1.7 lakh • State Plans 0.4 lakh • IAP 0.1 lakh • GAP 2.7 lakh • Residual gaps filled up in 16 State/UTs & 14 State /UTs are about to be filled up • Only few States have big gaps for ACRs - Bihar, MP, WB, Rajasthan & UP where the progress is slow • The resource requirement for all infrastructure-Civil works is no more than 20% or about Rs.44,000 Cr, of the total RTE requirements of Rs. 2.31 lakh cr. A bulk of the expenditure on Salary components and Grants or the so called Non-Plan Exp.

  25. Toilets & DWS slow progress Toilets Sanctioned Completed • Bihar 70,000 14,302 • Chhattisgarh 40,000 16,367 • Jharkhand 22,000 9,484 • MP 80,000 7,931 • Odisha 50,000 39,127 • WB 50,000 25,276 DWS Sanctioned Completed • Bihar 21,000 3,453 • Chhattisgarh 4,000 908 • Odisha 7000 1502 • WB 12,000 2355

  26. Preparation of curriculum (S.29.2 RTE) • Curriculum renewed • Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh. (14) • In Process - Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal. (9) • ( 23/35) • Some adopt neighbouring States Curriculum & Syllabi.

  27. PTR (S.25.1 RTE) 2005-06 2011-12 • Primary Schools 38 31 (Bihar – 59, Jharkhand – 41, U. P. – 46) • Upper Primary Schools 31 29 (Bihar – 63, Jharkhand – 42, U.P.- 44)

  28. Status : Literacy Rate(%) YEARPERSONSMALE FEMALE Gender Gap 1981 43.57 56.38 29.76 26.62 1991 52.21 } 64.13 } 39.29 } 24.84 2001 64.84 }12.63% 75.26 }11.13% 53.67 }14.38% 21.59 2011 74.04 } 9.20% 82.14 } 6.88% 65.46 } 11.79% 16.68 • Female literacy increased at a faster rate(11.79%) than that for males(6.88%). • No. of Illiterates declined in absolute terms by 31 million and Literates increased by 218 million. • National Female Literacy Mission has been launched through Saakshar Bharat targeting 60 million women & 10 million men.

  29. Elementary Education: 12th Plan Interventions -Quality Strong focus on learning outcomes for good quality education. Ensuring all children acquire basic reading and numeracy skills by Class 2 and skills of critical thinking, expression and problem solving by Class 5. Teacher Eligibility Tests (TETs) institutionalized and made mandatory for teacher recruitments.   A National Mission on Teachers and Teaching to deal with issues of teacher education in a holistic manner is being launched. Periodic review curriculum and school textbooks by NCERT/SCERT. Many states have already completed review of curriculum. 30

  30. Twelfth Plan Core Interventions

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