Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

2. Renaissance,Reformation,&Exploration1400-1600

3. Renaissance Defined • BIG Idea: During the Renaissance, Western Europeans experienced a profound cultural awakening, signaling the beginning of modern times.

4. Renaissance • : Rebirth of interest in classical ideas and cultures. • What are the classical cultures? • Ancient Greek knowledge was preserved in the Byzantine and Muslim empires.

5. Humanism • Focused on Liberal Arts. • Philosophy, History, Art, Literature • Individualism: emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual. • “Man is the measure of all things.” • Renaissance Man: individual skilled in many areas.

6. Was religion important in Medieval life? • Secular: focus on worldly, not religious themes. • Laypeople, not monks, became the leading intellectuals. • Worldly immortality via art and literature.

7. Think back to our last unit. • What social changes occurred during the late middle ages that broke down feudalism? • What specific event encouraged new learning in Europe at the beginning of the 13th Century (the 1200s)?

8. Italy • birthplace of the Renaissance. • Why? • Geography • At a trading crossroad • Classical past was visibly present in Italy.

9. New Social Order • Upper: merchants and bankers replaced the landed nobility. • Banking & checks replaced heavy coins. • Middle: shop-keepers and artisans. • Lower: rural peasants and poor urban workers.

11. Assignment/Activity No homework!

12. Renaissance Masters & Masterpieces

13. A return to Greek and Roman styles.

14. Architecture Brunelleschi’s Cathedral of Florence

15. Michelangelo’s “David”

16. Painting • Perspective, giving depth. • Emotions • Frescos: painting on damp plaster.

17. Da Vinci’s “The Last Supper”

18. Da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”

19. Raphael’s “School of Athens”

21. Michelangelo’s “Sistine Chapel”

22. The Renaissance Man

23. Activity • Visit the Irving Museum of Renaissance Art. • Look around and select your favorite piece of Renaissance artwork. • Explain how it reflects Renaissance themes and/or styles. • Tell me why you like it.

24. Renaissance Writing • BIG Idea: New printing technology allowed Renaissance ideas to spread.

25. From parchment, or animal skin, to paper in 12th century Europe. • From China

26. A medieval book created by a monk.

27. How did the moveable type printing press help the Renaissance spread? How did movable type help the Renaissance spread?

28. The Printing Press • Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s. • Used individual, moveable type.

29. Books could be made cheaper and faster, and thus became more abundant in Europe.

30. Literature • Machiavelli “The Prince” • (We’ll read some of this.) • William Shakespeare

31. Who’s this guy?

32. ELT: Give examples of how philosophical beliefs have influenced various aspects of society throughout history. Why are politicians lying liars? Let’s take a look at The Prince by Machiavelli.

33. The Protestant Reformation • BIG Idea: In 16th Century (1500s) Germany, a desire for church reform led to a new form of Christianity called Protestantism.

34. What was religion like in medieval Europe?

35. Martin Luther • German monk/professor • Justification by faith: Luther’s concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation, or acceptance into heaven.

36. What’s going on here?

37. Luther’s Protest Against • Indulgences: certificates sold by the Catholic Church to reduce or cancel punishment for a person’s sin.

38. Oct. 31st, 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses.

39. Luther’s 95 Theses (1517) • Criticized indulgences and other church corruption. • Copies spread fast due to movable type. • Popular

40. Why was Germany, or the Holy Roman Empire, exceptional at this time? • How could this political landscape have prevented the Holy Roman Emperor from silencing Luther?

41. “ I am bound by the Sacred Scriptures I have cited…and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant (take back) anything.” • Martin Luther • In 1521, the Pope excommunicates Luther as a heretic. Pope Leo X

42. Luther’s other opinions • Supported the feudal social hierarchy. • Luther’s call for religious freedom led to peasant calls for freedom from feudalism. • Lords violently put down peasant revolts and Luther sided with the lords. • Virulent anti-Semite • Luther’s anti-Semitic writings were reproduced by the Nazis.

43. Lutheranism • First protestant faith. • Bible as the only source of religious truth. • Readings during religious services. • Catholicism stressed good works and church rituals.

44. Assignment • ELT: Give examples of how religion has influenced aspects of society throughout history. • Let’s take a look at the 95 Theses.

45. The Spread of Protestantism BIGIdea: The Reformation spread throughout Europe (1500s) and began to divide.

46. Calvinism • Strict code of conduct. • All powerful, All knowing God. • Predestination: God determines the fate of every person in advance.

48. What’s going on?

49. Anabaptists • What does baptism symbolize? • Only baptized adults • Free and informed decision • Separation of church and state • Fled to North America (1600s) • Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish