CHAPTER 19 LESSON 1 INTRO NOTES: CAUSES FOR THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789

1. CHAPTER 19 LESSON 1 INTRO NOTES: CAUSES FOR THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789

2. FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE: The centuries-old conservative political, economic, and social system to which every one in France belonged was called the Old Regime[“Ancien Regime”] This system was guilty of abuse upon its 3rd Estate or class).

3. Find King Louis & the 3 estates

4. This is the breakdown of population [about 20 million] and land distribution according to each estate: • 1st Estate = clergy = .05% pop. = 10 % land ownership • 2nd Estate= nobility = 1.5% pop. = 20% land ownership

5. 3rd Estate = therest= 98% pop. = 70% land ownership 1.bourgeoisie ………. (wealthiest, most educated) 2.sans-culottes……. (poor city workers) 3.peasants (worked the land)

6. SECONDARY CAUSES: Slogan of the French Revolution: “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” that had been influenced by: A.Enlightenmentideas:

7. B.EnglishCivilWar(1642) [Roundheads v Cavaliers] C.GloriousRevolution(1688) [King James II overthrown w/o bloodshed] D.AmericanRevolution(1776 – 1783) [Declaration of Independence]

8. IMMEDIATE CAUSE: • By 1789, Louis XVI, the conservative French Bourbon king was faced with a major financial crisis as a result of France’s loss in the 1756 SevenYears’War; France’s aid to American colonists in their war withGreatBritainthat began in 1776; and excessive deficit spending by the royal family, especially Louis’ wife, QueenMarie Antoinette[French name for Maria Antonia; daughter of Austria’s Maria Theresa], from the Austrian Hapsburgdynasty, that was hated by the French people

9. breadshortages due to low grain production. 3.the unfair voting procedures of the French legislative body called the EstatesGeneral:

10. a. eachestatecasts1vote despite the number of legislative representatives • the 3rdEstate demands 1 vote [by head] for each representative instead of one vote per estate c. KingLouis XVIdenies the demand

11. 4. The firstdeliberate act of the French Revolution occurs: The 3rdEstate declares itself a NationalAssembly; this newly formed moderate National Assembly, representing all the people of France, not just individual Estates, then promises its French people their own constitution by declaring the

12. TennisCourtOath

13. 5. BastilleDaybegins on July 14in 1789 as symbol of the Revolution when the prison-fortress is stormed for weapons 6. The GreatFear(violent peasant revolts) causes French nobles called émigrésto flee France for fear of being killed [these nobles will then work outside France to try to stop the revolution in France]

14. Throw Down with Louis!

15. Chapter 19 Lesson 2 Notes: Major Events of the French Revolution from the fleur de lis flag before the revolution to the tri-color flag during and since the revolution

16. After the 3rdEstate declares itself a NationalAssembly as the first deliberate act of the French Revolution; the Parisians storm the Bastille for weapons to defend the new National Assembly; the GreatFear, orchestrated by peasants, causes terrified French nobles, called émigrés, to flee their homeland, the: • Nat’l Assembly writes a bill of rights called the DeclarationoftheRightsofMan and the Constitutionof1791 providing France with a limitedconstitutional monarchy in the name of Louis XVI

17. 1st Estate lands are confiscated and privileges are revoked by a new anti- Catholic law called the CivilConstitutionoftheClergy to pay off the state’s debts • Nat’l Assembly dissolves itself and a new LegislativeAssembly is elected:

18. 1.Conservatives (royalists) sat on right side [of center] = an absolute monarchy 2.Radicals to the left [of center] = depose king; establish republic 3. Centrists (moderates) in middle = limited constitutional monarchy

19. Problems faced by Leg. Assembly: 1. émigrés work as counter-revolutionaries 2. The ParisCommune, city government radicals, supported by sans-culottes, demands a republic

20. 3. Austrian Hapsburgs and Prussian Hohenzollerns declare war on France 4. royal family attempts to escape; is imprisoned; since a limited monarchy is no longer an option the 1791 Constitution must be revoked;

21. Legislative Assembly dissolves itself • The NationalConvention is elected and radicals, called Jacobins, who lead the Mountain, take control over the conservatives called Girondists • The monarchyis abolished;

22. introduction of a new killing machine

23. King Louis XVI is guillotined

24. France is declared a republic • Introduces universalmanhoodsuffrage (all adult males given right to vote) • Institutes conscription (the draft of a citizen- army) to defend against FirstCoalition, an alliance of foreign countries determined to prevent the revolution from spreading outside of France

25. Aradical time period known as the ReignofTerrorbegins July 1793: 1. is led by 3 Jacobins: Robespierre, the most fanatical radical; (Robespierre carefully eyeing through groups of French citizens to determine which ones are “enemies” of the new French republic)

26. Danton, editor of a Paris Communeradical newspaper; and Marat another French revolutionary leader who will be assassinated in his bathtub. Charlotte Corday, Marat’s assassin

27. 2.these radical leaders establish a 12-member court called the CommitteeofPublicSafety, that within a year’s time, will execute about 40,000 enemies of the republic, including Queen MarieAntoinette and Danton 3. Terror ends in July 1794 with the ThermidorianReaction when Robespierre is beheaded [“show my head to the people – it will be worth it.”] • The Constitutionof 1795 creates a 5-man moderateexecutive branch called the Directory to rule France and the Directory chooses

28. NapoleonBonaparte to lead France’s citizen-army