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OUTCOMES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1795

OUTCOMES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1795. Peter McPhee University of Melbourne. 20 June 1789 - Jacques-Louis David. 14 July 1789 - Bastille. ‘Grande Peur’ July-August. 4 August 1789. THE DREAM OF FREEDOM, 1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

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OUTCOMES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1795

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  1. OUTCOMES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1795 Peter McPhee University of Melbourne

  2. 20 June 1789 - Jacques-Louis David

  3. 14 July 1789 - Bastille

  4. ‘Grande Peur’ July-August

  5. 4 August 1789

  6. THE DREAM OF FREEDOM, 1789 • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • The August Decrees

  7. 1. absolute monarchy → constitutional monarchy divine right → popular sovereignty • 2. privilege → civil equality in taxes, law, beliefs • 3. hierarchy of birth → merit, talent • 4. partial abolition of feudalism • ‘cahiers de doléances’

  8. Return from Versailles, 6 October

  9. THE REMAKING OF FRANCE, 1789-1791 • Resolving problems: bankruptcy and political power • Remaking public life: (a) administration (b)customs & measures (c)state taxes (d)justice

  10. Malcolm Crook, Elections in the French Revolution: An Apprenticeship in Democracy, 1789-1799 (Cambridge University Press, 1996).

  11. SOURCES OF TENSION AND CONFLICT, 1791-1792 • The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July 1790 • The king’s flight, 20-25 June 1791 • The ‘massacre on the Champ de Mars’, 17 July 1791 • Revolt in St Domingue (Haiti), August 1791 • The origins of the war of 20 April 1792 • A second revolution, 10 August 1792

  12. Nigel Aston, Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804 (Basingstoke, 2000).

  13. Varennes

  14. Timothy Tackett, When the King took Flight (Cambridge, Mass., 2003).

  15. Saint-Domingue August 1791

  16. War – April1792

  17. 10 August 1792

  18. ‘sans-culottes’

  19. D. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE TERROR, 1793-1794 • The summer of 1793 • The meaning of “Terror” • Emergency measures and achievements • The debate over the Terror’s purpose • The collapse: June-July 1794 • David Andress, The Terror: Civil War in the French Revolution (London, 2005).

  20. Committee of Public Safety Peter McPhee, Robespierre: a Revolutionary Life (London, 2012). Vendée

  21. 10 August 1793

  22. Societies of Friends of the Constitution/ Jacobin Clubs

  23. ‘deChristianisation’

  24. Executions 1793-94

  25. Fleurus – 26 June

  26. 28 July/10 Thermidor

  27. E. THE ‘SETTLEMENT’ OF 1795 • The ‘Thermidorian Reaction’ after 9 Thermidor • The last sans-culottes challenge: April-May 1795 (Germinal-Prairial year III) • The Constitution of 1795: back to 1791?

  28. Boissy d’Anglas May 1795

  29. 1. absolute monarchy → constitutional monarchy (republic to 1802) divine right → popular sovereignty • 2. privilege → civil equality in taxes, law, beliefs • 3. hierarchy of birth → merit, talent • ‘cahiers de doléances’

  30. F. A SOCIAL REVOLUTION? “Minimalism” and “Maximalism” • A land of manual work • Slaves • The countryside • The status of women

  31. Saint-Domingue 1791 1794 1802 1804 Haiti Jeremy D. Popkin,You Are All Free: the Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery (2011).

  32. Insisting in May 1791 that the community would pay no more seigneurial dues unless the seigneur produced the evidence of his titles, the mayor of Villeseque, the blacksmith François Séguy, declared that: “it is unjust to give blindly and immediately the subsistence of a miserable family, the work of our arms, and even our sweat, to someone to whom we don’t know we are obliged. Our ancestors, too simple and ignorant, would have given everything and would have submitted to anything these gentlemen required of them, but in the present century this simpleness and this ignorance no longer exist, wickedness has been destroyed, justice punishes it.” (cited by Peter McPhee, Revolution and Environment in Southern France: Peasant, Lords, and Murder in the Corbières, 1780-1830, Oxford, 1999, pp. 215-6)

  33. The Baron de Bouisse: ‘I have cherished and I still cherish the people of Fraïsse as I have cherished my own children; they were so sweet and so honest in their way, but what a sudden change has taken place among them. All I hear now is corvée, lanternes, démocrates, aristocrates, words which for me are barbaric and which I can’t use. ... the former vassals believe themselves to be more powerful than Kings.’ • (McPhee, Revolution and Environment in Southern France, p. 60)

  34. John Markoff, The Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution (University Park, Pa, 1996). • Suzanne Desan, The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 2004).

  35. ‘la maraîchère’

  36. 20 September 1792

  37. 7 March 1793

  38. Unanticipated outcomes • The Revolution had achieved most of the goals of the Third Estate in 1789, but at an unexpected cost: • Impact on the Church • War and civil war • ‘The Terror’

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