DRAINASE SISTEM POLDER

1. DRAINASE SISTEM POLDER Wahyu Widiyanto Unsoed

2. PENGERTIAN • Polder : suatu kawasan atau lahan reklamasi dengan kondisi awal mempunyai muka air tanah tinggi yang diisolasi secara hidrologis dari daerah di sekitarnya dan kondisi muka air (air permukaan dan air tanah) dapat dikendalikan. Kondisi lahannya sendiri dibiarkan pada elevasi asalnya atau sedikit ditinggikan. • Polder adalah sebidang tanah yang rendah, dikelilingi oleh embankment / timbunan atau tanggul yang membentuk semacam kesatuan hidrologis buatan, yang berarti tidak ada kontak dengan air dari daerah luar selain yang dialirkan melalui perangkat manual.

3. SIFAT-SIFAT POLDER • Polder merupakan daerah yang dibatasi dengan baik, dimana air yang berasal dari luar kawasan tidak boleh masuk, hanya air hujan (dan kadang-kadang air rembesan) pada kawasan itu sendiri yang dikumpulkan. • Dalam polder tidak ada aliran permukaan bebas seperti pada daerah tangkapan air alamiah, tetapi dilengkapi dengan bangunan pengendali pada pembuangannya (dengan penguras atau pompa) untuk mengendalikan aliran ke luar. • Muka air di dalam polder (air permukaan maupun air bawah permukaan) tidak bergantung pada permukaan air di daerah sekitarnya dan dinilai berdasarkan elevasi lahan, sifat-sifat tanah, iklim, dan tanaman.

4. Gambaran Sistem Polder

5. Gambaran Sistem Polder

6. KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN SISTEM POLDER • Tanggul keliling dan atau pertahanan laut (sea defense) atau konstruksi isolasi lainnya • Sistem drainase lapangan (field drainage system) • Sistem pembawa (conveyance system) • Kolam penampung dan stasiun pompa (outfall system) • Badan air penerima (recipient waters)

7. Recipient waters -1,5 -1,25 -2,5 -1,15 -1,5 Tanggul Stasiun pompa Recipient waters Stasiun pompa

8. ASPEK TEKNIS SISTEM POLDER • Pembangunan tanggul laut • Penurunan tanah • Konservasi pantai • Manajemen polder

9. Pembangunan Tanggul Laut • Tanggul laut dalam sistem polder merupakan pembatas hidrologi yang melindungi daerah di dalam sistem polder dari pengaruh air laut (pasang surut dan gelombang). • Pembuatan tanggul laut harus memperhatikan kondisi tanah setempat. Banyak tanggul laut harus dibuat pada lokasi yang kondisi tanahnya sangat lunak, sehingga resiko kegagalan lereng (slope failure) sering terjadi.

10. Penurunan Tanah • Banyak sistem polder yang dikembangkan di daerah endapan alluvial, dengan kondisi tanah lunak yang cukup tebal, sehingga penurunan jangka panjang akibat proses konsolidasi sangat berpengaruh terhadap elevasi akhir, dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada bangunan-bangunan.

11. Konservasi Pantai • Kawasan pantai merupakan daerah yang sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan. • Keanekaragaman pemanfaatan kawasan pantai yang melibatkan berbagai pihak dapat menimbulkan konflik dan permasalahan bagi pengguna maupun pengambil keputusan. • Perencanaan setiap prasarana harus dilakukan secara terpadu/integral.

12. Manajemen Polder • Sistem polder merupakan bangunan yang beresiko tinggi, sehingga perlu manajemen yang memadai. • Manajemen polder yang menyangkut operasi dan pemeliharaan, ditujukan untuk mencegah penurunan fungsi dari semua elemen yang ada di dalam sistem polder, yang meliputi tanggul, jaringan drainase, kolam tandon, stasiun pompa, dan receiving waters.

13. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through man operated devices. There are three types of polders: • Land reclaimed from a body of water, such as a lake or the sea bed • Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike • Marshes separated from the surrounding water by a dike and consequently drained. • The ground level in drained marshes subsides over time and thus all polders will eventually be below the surrounding water level some or all of the time. Water enters the low-lying polder through ground swell due to water pressure on ground water or rain fall and transportation of water by rivers and canals. This usually means that the polder has an excess of water that needs to be pumped out or drained by opening sluices at low tide. However, care must be taken in not setting the internal water level too low. Polder land made up of peat (former marshland) will show accelerated compression due to the peat decomposing in dry conditions. • Polders are at risk from flooding at all times and care must be taken to protect the surrounding dikes. Dikes are mostly built using locally available materials and each has its own risk factor: sand is prone to collapse due to oversaturation by water while dry peat is lighter than water, making the barrier potentially unstable in very dry seasons. Some animals dig tunnels in the barrier, undermining the structure; the muskrat is notorious for this behavior. For this reason in the Netherlands it is actively hunted to extinction. No such care is taken in neighboring Germany though, causing the stock to be constantly resupplied across the border. • Polders are most commonly found, though not exclusively so, in river deltas, former fen lands and coastal areas.

14. Polders and the Netherlands • The Netherlands is frequently associated with polders. This is illustrated by the English saying: God created the world, but the Dutch created Holland. • The Dutch have a long history of reclamation of marshes and fenland, resulting in some 3,000 polders [1] nationwide. About half of all polder surface within northwest Europe is located within the Netherlands. The first embankments in Europe were constructed in Roman times. The first polders were constructed in the 11th century. Due to flooding disasters water boards called waterschap (below sealevel) or hoogheemraadschap (above sea level) were set up to maintain the integrity of the water defenses around polders, maintain the waterways inside a polder and control the various water levels inside and outside the polder. Water bodies hold separate elections, levy taxes and function independently from other government bodies. Their function is basically unchanged through this day. As such they are the oldest democratic institution in the country. The necessary co-operation between all ranks in maintaining polder integrity also gave its name to the Dutch version of third way politics - the Polder Model. • The 1953 flood disaster prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other water retaining structures, it is based on an acceptable probability of overflowing. Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences. The damage in lives, property and rebuilding costs is offset against the cost of water defenses. From these calculations follow an acceptable flood risk from the sea at 1/10,000 years - 1/4,000, 1/2,500 years - 1/100 years for a river flood. For comparison the risk of the New Orleans (repaired) dike system in the future collapsing due to sea flooding is estimated at 1/100 years[2] (i.e. flooding risks in New Orleans remain 100 times higher compared to Rotterdam which is set at 1/10,000) The established policy forces the Dutch government to improve flood defenses as new data on threat levels becomes available.

16. Polder Tawang, Semarang

17. Polder Banger, sedang dibangun di Semarang. • Tanggul keliling untuk melindungi dari rob • Dam untuk membendung sungai. Dam merupakan bagian dari tanggul keliling. • Stasiun pompa, untuk mengalirkan air hujan dan menjaga tinggi muka air dalam polder • Kolam retensi