"THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES

1. "THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES There are four classes of biological macromolecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

2. Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. • Macromolecule • Polymer • Monomer

3. What is a MACROMOLECULE

4. What do these words mean? Micro MACRO

5. So What Is A Macromolecule? • A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together.

6. BiologicalMacromolecule All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

7. Elements of Life • 96% of living organisms is made of: • carbon (C) • oxygen (O) • hydrogen (H) • nitrogen (N) • phosphorus (P)

8. Next Word….. Polymer

9. "Poly" Polygons Polyester Polygamy Means...

10. MANY POLY means

11. What does “Mono” mean? 1

12. A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

13. A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

14. Now you and a buddy need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its monomers.

15. The Big Four

16. Molecules of Life • Put C, H, O, P, and N together in different ways to build living organisms • What are bodies made of? • carbohydrates • sugars & starches • proteins • fats (lipids) • nucleic acids • DNA, RNA

17. Don’t forget water • Water • 65% of your body is H2O • water is inorganic • doesn’t contain carbon • Rest of you is made of carbon molecules • organic molecules • carbohydrates • proteins • fats • nucleic acids

18. Keep the following in mind when studying this material: Nucleic Acids What they look like Carbohydrates What they do/Where are they Lipids What are they made up of- at the level of atoms Proteins

19. sucrose Carbohydrates • Function: • quick energy • energy storage • structure • cell wall in plants • Examples • sugars • starches • cellulose (cell wall) glucoseC6H12O6 starch

20. Cellulose • Cell walls in plants • herbivores can digest cellulose well • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meatto get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = roughage • stays undigested • keeps material moving in your intestines

21. Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

22. Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

23. CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF... • Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… GLUCOSE

24. The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

25. CARBOHYDRATES AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

26. Building carbohydrates • Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose

27. BIG carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • large carbohydrates • starch • energy storage in plants • potatoes • glycogen • energy storage in animals • in liver & muscles • cellulose • structure in plants • cell walls • chitin • structure in arthropods & fungi • exoskeleton

28. Building BIG carbohydrates polysaccharide glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) energystorage glycogen (animal)

29. PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO? • They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them • They make up antibodies in the immune system • They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions • They makeup non-steriod hormones

30. Proteins: Multipurpose molecules

31. insulin pepsin collagen (skin) Proteins Examples • muscle • skin, hair, fingernails, claws • collagen, keratin • pepsin • digestive enzyme in stomach • insulin • hormone that controls blood sugar levels

32. Proteins • Function: • many, many functions • hormones • signals from one body system to another • insulin • movement • muscle • immune system • protect against germs • enzymes • help chemical reactions

33. H | —C— | H amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – C—OH —N— O || H Proteins • Building block = amino acids • 20 different amino acids There’s20 of us… like 20 differentletters in analphabet!Can make lots of differentwords variable group

34. amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Amino acid chains • Proteins • amino acids chained into a polymer • Each amino acid is different • some “like” water & dissolve in it • some “fear” water & separate from it

35. Water-fearing amino acids • Hydrophobic • “water fearing” amino acids • try to get away from water in cell • the protein folds

36. Water-loving amino acids • Hydrophillic • “water loving” amino acids • try to stay in water in cell • the protein folds

37. collagen For proteins: SHAPE matters! • Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape • that’s what happens in the cell! • Different shapes = different jobs growthhormone hemoglobin pepsin

38. It’s SHAPE that matters! • Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape • Unfolding a protein destroys its shape • wrong shape = can’t do its job • unfolding proteins = “denature” • temperature • pH (acidity) unfolded“denatured” folded

39. PROTEINS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each protein is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur THINK: “CHONS”

40. Lipids • Function: • energy storage • very concentrated • twice the energy as carbohydrates! • cell membrane • cushions organs • insulates body • think whale blubber!

41. Lipids • Examples • fats • oils • waxes • hormones • sex hormones • testosterone (male) • estrogen (female)

42. LIPIDS MADE UP OF... • Lipids are not polymers. But they are created by the same process that creates polymers. • The most common lipids are… TRIGLYCERIDES

43. The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E This is a triglyceride molecule

44. Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

45. Saturated fats • Most animal fats • solid at room temperature • Limit the amount in your diet • contributes to heart disease • deposits in arteries

46. Unsaturated fats • Plant, vegetable & fish fats • liquid at room temperature • the fat molecules don’t stack tightlytogether • Better choice in your diet

47. Saturated vs. unsaturated saturated unsaturated 

48. Other lipids in biology • Cholesterol • good molecule in cell membranes • make hormones from it • including sex hormones • but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease

49. Other lipids in biology • Cell membranes are made out of lipids • phospholipids • heads are on the outside touching water • “like” water • tails are on inside away from water • “scared” of water • forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

50. LIPIDS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each lipid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen… and sometimes phosphorus THINK: “CHOP”