MACROMOLECULES

1. MACROMOLECULES

2. Metabolic Processes • Metabolism is the sum of all biological processes. • There are 2 major metabolic processes • Anabolism – the building up of complex molecules • Catabolism – the breaking down of complex molecules

3. Macromolecules • Large organic molecules (made of carbon) • Known as polymers • Made up of smaller “building blocks” – monomers • Formed through a process known as dehydration synthesis • Forms polymers by combining monomers by removing water • Separated through a process known as hydrolysis • Monomers are separated through the addition of water

4. 4 Major Types of Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

5. After watching the video, with your partner, identify 2 examples of carbohydrates?

6. Carbohydrates • Sugar molecules (ranging from small sugars to large sugars) • Have the molecular formula (CH2O)n

7. glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose Carbohydrates • Monomers – monosaccharides: a single sugar unit • Polymers – disaccharides (two sugar units) and polysaccharides (many sugar units)

8. Carbohydrate - Function • Main source of energy for the body • Provide short term energy – will be used up in short periods of time • Structure/Support – make up the cell wall in plants • Examples: Starch, glucose, cellulose

9. Check for Understanding: With your partner, identify the following as polymers or monomers.

10. Lipids • Compounds that are not soluble in water • General structure of a lipd • Saturdatedfatty acids – have single C-C bonds • Unsaturated fatty acids – have at least 1 double C-C bond

11. O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = H H-C----O H-C----O H-C----O H O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH fatty acids = =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 glycerol Lipids • Monors – triglycerides • Made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids • No polymers

12. Lipids - functions • Long term energy storage • Protection against heat loss • Major component of membranes (phospholipids) • Examples: cholesterol, oils, waxes

13. Check for Understanding: With your partner, label the fatty acids below as either saturated or unsaturated.

14. Proteins • Polypeptide chains made from amino acids • Have a 3 dimensional globular shape • Amino acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl acid, variable R group

15. Proteins • Monomer – amino acids • 2 types of amino acids • Essential – cannot be made by the body (need to be consumed) • Non-essential – can be made by the body • Polymer – polypeptide chain

16. Proteins - function • Storage • Transport of materials • Movement: muscles • Enzymes: aid in cellular reactions • Defense: antibodies (defend your body from infections) • Examples: enzymes, hormones

17. With your partner, place a star next to each of the structures below that is an amino acid and tell me why.

18. Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) C1 C4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 Nucleic Acids • Compounds that are made up of nucleotides

19. Nucleic Acids • Monomers – nucleotides • Polymer – DNA/RNA • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic material • Codes for proteins • RNA – ribonucleic acid • Reads the DNA • Makes proteins

20. Nucleic Acids - Function • Store genetic information • Transmit heredity • Examples: DNA & RNA

21. Check for Understanding: With your partner, place a star next to each of the structures below that represent the nitrogenous base component of a nucleotide. Be sure to include why.